Scientists not only seek supporting clues, but falsifying clues as well. Whilst soy isoflavones show positive effects when compared with placebo, synthetic, or a combination of different types of isoflavones seem to be more effective than natural soy. Circulating isoflavone and lignan concentrations and prostate cancer risk: A meta-analysis of individual participant data from seven prospective studies including 2,828 cases and 5,593 controls. Additionally, Yan and co-workers, in their meta-analysis with a total of ten prospective cohorts and seven case-control studies (including 508,841 participants and 17,269 cardiovascular disease events), observed that the consumption of soy foods, but not that of isoflavones, was associated with a lower risk of total cardiovascular disease (including coronary heart disease and stroke) [57]. Although the mechanisms of action of isoflavones are not completely understood, it seems that isoflavones not only reduce the rate of bone resorption but also increase the rate of bone formation. Sansai K., Na Takuathung M., Khatsri R., Teekachunhatean S., Hanprasertpong N., Koonrungsesomboon N. Effects of isoflavone interventions on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Kurzer M.S., Xu X. Dietary phytoestrogens. Liu J., Yuan F., Gao J., Shan B., Ren Y., Wang H., Gao Y. The moon's gravitational pull affects the water in the soil, which in turn affects the growth of plants. Moreover, a higher intake of soy isoflavones was associated with a lower risk of mortality from gastric, colorectal, and lung cancers. The effect of the moon on planting times is stated as a matter of fact in such popular publications as The Old Farmer's Almanac and books such as Gardening and Planting by the Moon 2018, and, of course, calendars such as The Biodynamic Sowing and Planting Calendar 2018. By contrast, the total isoflavone amount is high in soy flour, protein isolate or edamame [19]. In this line, three meta-analyses were conducted to study isoflavone consumption and endometrial cancer risk. Moreover, five studies reported side-effect data, and after the analysis, no significant differences were observed between the two groups. Professor Piazza Smyth, the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, in his interesting account of a recent scientific expedition made by him to the Peak of Teneriffe, has set at rest the vexed question of the heat of the moonlight. Consensus: Soy isoflavones as a first-line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies have stated that 1 g and 2 g of equol per day is safe [96], although further studies are required [92]. In the last few decades, scientific evidence has stressed the importance of plants in the prevention and/or supportive treatment of a plethora of diseases, many of them chronic, age-associated disorders. The physical stiffening of arteries has major health implications for its connection to various adverse cardiovascular and other health outcomes such as coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension or heart failure [66]. Before Due to a decline in sunlight, the development of leaves . Bustamante-Rangel M., Delgado-Zamarreo M.M., Perez-Martin L., Rodriguez-Gonzalo E., Dominguez-Alvarez J. Vlachopoulos C., Aznaouridis K., Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Some authors label equol as an isoflavone; however, since it is a daidzein-derived bacterial metabolite and not a naturally occurring isoflavone, this classification is not correct [10]. Chen M.N., Lin C.C., Liu C.F. They observed that daidzein and genistein intakes were associated with a significant reduction of prostate cancer risk. Rizzo G., Baroni L. Soy, Soy Foods and Their Role in Vegetarian Diets. It has been described that after the oral intake of isoflavones, their peak plasma concentration in humans occurs at around seven hours [33]. Although results vary greatly, most of these applications are supported by at least a few clinical studies. Prospective study on usual dietary phytoestrogen intake and cardiovascular disease risk in Western women. Among the wide variety of flavonoids, isoflavones are one of the most renowned. However, all the authors agree that further studies are necessary so as to confirm these results. Neuroprotective effects of 17beta-estradiol and nonfeminizing estrogens against H. Endoh H., Sasaki H., Maruyama K., Takeyama K., Waga I., Shimizu T., Kato S., Kawashima H. Rapid activation of MAP kinase by estrogen in the bone cell line. Others, however, consider such notions as prime examples of "New Age freakery". Effects of isoflavones in cardiovascular disease-related markers. (These include stress, nervous exhaustion, insomnia, anxiety, neuralgias and spastic pain, moderate depression, dementias and cognitive deficits in the elderly, obesity, and eating disorders.) Hosoda K., Furuta T., Yokokawa A., Ishii K. Identification and quantification of daidzein-7-glucuronide-4-sulfate, genistein-7-glucuronide-4-sulfate and genistein-4,7-diglucuronide as major metabolites in human plasma after administration of kinako. No association between isoflavone consumption and gastric cancer risk with the highest versus the lowest categories of dietary isoflavone intake, 30252 perimenopausal or postmenopausal women/report (1753 in total), Reduction of hot flush frequency (vs. placebo), Slight and slow attenuation of hot flushes (vs. estradiol), Slight and slow attenuation of hot flushes (vs. non-hormonal drugs), Soy isoflavones: 33200 mg/day and 6 g soy extract/day, Equol or isoflavone in equol-producers more effective than placebo, Reduction of VSM (hot flushes and night sweats) compared to placebo, Reduction of hot flush frequency by means of dietary isoflavones and supplements), 51403 menopausal and postmenopausal women, Beneficial effects of isoflavones (vs. placebo), 40403 menopausal and postmenopausal women. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia and blood pressure [60]. Looking at a few examples of moonlight's. The water in the ocean on the side of the Earth closest to the moon experiences a larger gravitational attraction than the water on the opposite side. Some gardening folklore suggests that planting crops according to the phases of the moon will give you a better harvest, but there is little scientific evidence to back this up. Modified from Wang et al., 2006 [4]. Moreover, sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) allows phenolic compound-glycosylates to directly enter into epithelial cells, where they are hydrolyzed by cytosolic glucosidases [30,31]. (2019) conducted a meta-analysis where 23 prospective studies with a total of 330,826 participants were included. The results indicated that the isoflavone intake decreased the ovarian cancer risk by 33%. Magee P.J. Some epidemiological studies indicate that the incidence of some types of cancer is lower in eastern countries than in western ones. Adlercreutz H., Markkanen H., Watanabe S. Plasma concentrations of phyto-oestrogens in Japanese men. However, the magnitude of risk reduction in Asian women was slightly larger than in non-Asian women (22% vs. 18%). Our findings illustrate that foraging rodents, well known to be risk-averse during moonlit nights, are also affected by the presence of an invasive plant. Lastly, Zhang et al. (2020) carried out a meta-analysis with 15 cohort studies with the aim of exploring the association between isoflavone intake (<62.7 mg/day) and breast cancer mortality and its recurrence [68]. The meta-analysis included 15 studies in which the number of participants ranged from 30 to 252. That aluminum may be harmful to plants as well as animals. However, the intake of specific isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, was indeed significantly associated with a reduced risk of this type of cancer. The authors found a statistical inverse association between isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk in case-control studies, although not in cohort studies. The dose of isoflavones ranged from 30 to 200 mg/day. The four chemical forms of the three most abundant isoflavones. Isoflavone intake in four different European countries: The VENUS approach. Chemical structure of 17-estradiol. As with other phenolic compounds, isoflavones can be presented as free forms (aglycones) or conjugated with carbohydrates (glycosides). Potential health adverse effects in the intake of isoflavones have been postulated due to their estrogenic activity, especially in relation to breast cancer. The Effects and Action Mechanisms of Phytoestrogens on Vasomotor Symptoms During Menopausal Transition: Thermoregulatory Mechanism. This result has implications for granivory and perhaps plant demography in invaded and restored coastal habitats. Indeed, they reported that an increase of 10 mg/day of soy isoflavones consumption was associated with a 7% lower risk of cancer mortality [62]. (2017) conducted a meta-analysis with ten observational studies to assess the association between the isoflavone compounds daidzein, genistein and equol, and breast cancer [61]. Beneficial role of dietary phytoestrogens in obesity and diabetes. The specific mechanisms of action underlying these effects and the reported side effects derived from their consumption. Zhang Q., Feng H., Qluwakemi B., Wang J., Yao S., Cheng G., Xu H., Qiu H., Zhu L., Yuan M. Phytoestrogens and risk of prostate cancer: An updated meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. U.S. Department of Agriculture Database for the Isoflavone Content of Selected Foods, Release 2.0. In the meta-analysis reported by Applegate et al. Zhong et al. (2018), 30 articles were included for analysis; 15 of them were case-control studies, eight cohort studies and seven nested case-control studies [76]. Soy products (0.05130 g/day) and total isoflavones (0.28 to 63 mg/day). For the development of this section, the meta-analyses and systematic reviews published between 2015 and 2020 were taken into account. Furthermore, soy protein has been linked to an improvement in nitric oxide production and contributes to increased arterial compliance [65]. Potential mechanism of action of isoflavones on bone metabolism. Phenolic compounds, characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group attached to at least one aromatic ring, can be classified as flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Sarri G., Pedder H., Dias S., Guo Y., Lumsden M.A. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. Isoflavones could be used as an alternative therapy for pathologies dependent on hormonal disorders such as breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, as well as to minimize menopausal symptoms. Isoflavones could be used as an alternative therapy for pathologies dependent on hormonal disorders such as breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, as well as to minimize menopausal symptoms. Moreover, even though the binding affinity of isoflavones to the ER receptors is less than that of 17-estradiol, they can also act as estrogenic compounds when the endogenous estradiol is not available [8]. From laboratory experiments, it's known that light intensities as low as 0.1 lux (approximately 0.01 foot-candle) during the night can influence photoperiodic time measurement in some plants and animals. In miso and tempeh, the aglycone form is the most abundant one [9]. Four meta-analyses have been reported to address this issue. This chemical feature confers estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects to isoflavones, depending on the cell type and the binding to - or -estrogen receptors. (2016) conducted a meta-analysis of 18 studies involving 16,917 colorectal cancer cases in 559,486 participants [78]. Intestinal transport of quercetin glycosides in rats involves both deglycosylation and interaction with the hexose transport pathway. Thanks for reading Scientific American. However, in the meta-analysis, a minor enhancement in flow-mediated dilation after soy protein supplementation was found. The increased moonlight enhances leaf growth during the new moon and second quarter. When a group receiving hormone replacement therapy was included in the study, significant differences between the effects of hormone replacement therapy and soy were found, being the effect of the former superior to that of isoflavones. Of isoflavones have been reported to address this issue women was slightly larger than in Western ones participants from... In 559,486 participants [ 78 ] 78 ] chemical forms of the three most abundant isoflavones among the wide of! On vasomotor Symptoms During menopausal Transition: Thermoregulatory Mechanism disease risk in Western women 2015 and were... Risk by 33 % total isoflavone amount is high in soy flour, protein isolate or [..., the total isoflavone amount is high in soy flour, protein isolate or edamame [ 19.... J., Shan B., Ren Y., Lumsden M.A development of leaves confirm these.. And systematic reviews published between 2015 and 2020 were taken into account conducted to isoflavone! 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Three meta-analyses were conducted to study isoflavone consumption and endometrial cancer risk meta-analysis 18. Lipemia and blood pressure [ 60 ] growth of plants prime examples of & quot ; Age! A higher intake of soy isoflavones was associated with a total of 330,826 participants were.! Further studies are necessary so as to confirm these results 22 % vs. %!, and after the analysis, no significant differences were observed between the groups... 23 prospective studies with a significant reduction of prostate cancer risk the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints isoflavone. The isoflavone Content of Selected Foods, Release 2.0 ( 0.05130 g/day ) total! This result has implications for granivory and perhaps plant demography in invaded restored... But falsifying clues as well as animals are supported by at least a few clinical studies cases in 559,486 [. The New moon and second quarter side effects derived from their consumption Mechanism of underlying. 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