National food writers raved about South Streets burgeoning selection of gourmet restaurants, where diners could enjoy soft-shell crab tempura or salmon with sorrel beurre blanc. In 1970, the neighborhood had only 90 housing units; by 1990, it had 1,665. There is a stereotype that gentrification refers to low-income African Americans being pushed out by rich whites, but this is not the case in many of the areas in Philly where gentrification is occurring. Rasheda Alexander, a resident council member at the development, remembers seeing a few organizers tabling near the parking lot on weekends in the winter. All of the new housing developments are "student housing" for students attending the University . The gentrification has caused the displacement of some low-income residents and people of color. Gillette, Howard. In effect, Penn undermined its own efforts to serve its proximate community, by replacing residents with more of their own. While the emotional toll brought upon those displaced is immeasurable, researchers have calculated that alongside a general decrease . There were also cultural conflicts between old-timers and newcomers. Its not a fight about lofty plans for the future, but about a communitys ability to defend their actual homes. Urban renewal since 1949 Neighborhood improvement in Philadelphia has been the result of two factors: formal government projects and informal redevelopment in the form of gentrification. In the 2010s, Philadelphia began experimenting with measures designed to stem gentrifications worst effects. Even as Philadelphia experienced deindustrialization and decline in the 1970s, a handful of neighborhoods began to experience a phenomenon known as gentrificationa process where affluent individuals settled in lower-income areas. As more artists and young professional moved into the neighborhood, the Manayunk Development Corporation created a mixture of public programming to cater to the new audience. The resident-led struggle to defend these homes has galvanized people in Philadelphia around the defense of housing for Black, Brown, working-class, poor, elderly, and disabled residents. Penn, USciences, the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital, and Drexel formed the West Philadelphia Corporation (WPC) in 1959 and began to condemn buildings across Black Bottom. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991. As the 2000s wore on, the revitalization of residential neighborhoods became the cornerstone of Philadelphias revivaleven as the city struggled to temper gentrifications most harmful consequences. At the same time, Greater Philadelphia enjoyed an influx of foreign immigration, which helped to repopulate neighborhoods in South and West Philadelphia. When a judge ordered the encampment evicted, the sheriff could dismantle the pallet barriers and tents but could not diffuse the energy and momentum the gathering had created. But, Dr. Palmer says, the people went everywhere. This photograph from 2009 shows Main Street filled with shoppers during the Manayunk Arts Festival, an annual event that brings together hundreds of artists and tens of thousands of visitors. By the 20th century, Penn had established itself as the most wellendowed entity in West Philadelphia and maintained an uneasy symbiosis with the community. This article was originally published at Prism. In 1977, against the backdrop of a rapidly expanding Penn, the University of Pennsylvanias Real Estate Development Office called the Powelton Village Development Agency (PVDA) to a meeting. It also goes by another namethe Master Plan. The North Philadelphia neighborhood, which straddles Germantown Avenue just west of Broad Street and Erie Avenue, has seen its population rise 4 percent (above the city's 1 percent increase), its housing prices rose 11 percent again above the citywide average. Living in East Mount Airy offers residents an urban suburban mix feel and most residents own their homes. Phil Tedros (C 20) lived in the Southwest Philly neighborhood of Eastwick prior to coming to Penn. Waging a struggle against the rights of property owners seems like an uphill fight in a capitalist society, but it is not the first time that some of the organizers have been involved in such a pitched battle. From 1997 to 2007, the median price of a single-family home rose from $86,000 to $275,000. Penn also offers incentives for its faculty to reside in nearby West Philadelphia. Its legacy as an epicenter of immigrant and African American life lent the area a desirable gloss of authenticitya dash of real folk in the city. The Philadelphia Redevelopment Authority, a city agency, spearheaded the project. West Philadelphia's total population was 301,830, with blacks numbering 158,176; whites, 142,368. In the 1990s, young urban professionals flocked to the area. A few generations ago, though, this was not the case.. In 1960, the black and white shares were 52.4% and 47.2%, respectively. This initiative froze tax increases for residents who had occupied their homes for more than ten years and faced higher assessments as a result of skyrocketing property values. Attracting new residents to Philadelphia seemed like the surest way to grow the citys tax base as manufacturing jobs evaporated and suburbanization continued apace. That demonstrated to other residents that fighting back could be effective. As these anchor institutions continued to attract thousands of young, highly-educated residents to Philadelphia, previously disinvested neighborhoodsfrom Spruce Hill, near the University of Pennsylvania,and Washington Square West, which adjoined Jefferson and Pennsylvania Hospitalssaw increases in population and property values. As part of the construction process, thirty-one acres of houses and commercial buildings were razed to provide enough space for the redevelopment project, forcing hundreds of individuals and merchants to relocate. Many of the industrial complexes that dotted Philadelphia emptied in the later twentieth century, leaving hulks of buildings towering over the residences that once housed their workers. A sprawling suburb, a quiet collegiate enclave, a dangerous part of town, an area of interest for developers. The building of bridges across the Schuylkill River further promoted development, including that of hospitals and other benevolent institutions. Many of these working-class immigrants were employed in restaurant and domestic servicesa sector that grew along with Philadelphias affluent urban class. The decline and relocation of the shipping industryon which the neighborhoods longshoremen dependedonly worsened its economic woes. On South Street, the Theatre of the Living Arts put on avant-garde works under artistic director Andre Gregory. After those initial displacements, the UC Townhomes were built on real estate that at the time was not desirable to middle and upper-class white residents. Philadelphia: Neighborhoods, Division, and Conflict in a Postindustrial City. Dennis witnessed one of the earliest unveilings of Penns Landscape Development Plan of 1977. In a few short years, Southwark saw a dramatic decline in its working-class population along with the conversion of its mixed-use streetscapes into expensive residential-only corridors. As would become common in subsequent renewal projects, a coalition of public organizations, local and federal governments, and private investors worked together to remake Society Hill. The top three means of transportation people in West Philadelphia use to get to work are: car, bus or trolley bus and walking. The most comprehensive, authoritative reference source ever created for the Philadelphia region. In academics and activism, gentrification is understood as the displacement of a lower-income community in terms of demographic and economic changes. As middle-class residents returned, formerly moribund commercial corridors came alive with restaurants and shops catering to the well-heeled. Follow The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia on Instagram On . Even as the city government struggled to balance the costs and benefits of neighborhood revival, many areas remained untouched by the effects of gentrification. (Photo by Mark Makela/Getty Images), Millennials Are Killing Capitalism podcast, Chinatown residents wont let a global pandemic stop them from fighting gentrification, Philadelphias Chinatown unites to fight back against Sixers covert arena development, Reimagining the university through an abolitionist lens, Immigration advocates urge Biden to reverse proposed near-total asylum ban, DeSantis spends February targeting immigrants, leading up to likely presidential run, Florida college students and educators plan to continue resisting DeSantis censorship. By the early 2000s, it boasted scores of infill projects and row-house rehabilitations. On Sept. 29, just minutes into freshman convocation, Liz Magills first major speech as University of Pennsylvania president was disrupted by about 100 protesters. The encampment also had symbolic importance according to Johnson: The tents were a projection of the real byproductshomelessnessof mass evictions of poor residents. Its a tradition that continues to this day. The Townhomes are a 70-unit low-income housing complex located at 3990 Market Street in a neighborhood known to locals as the Black Bottom. In the Old City section of Center City Philadelphia, H.O. Thats what happened in other situations, Johnson recently said in an interview on Kelly Hayes Movement Memos podcast. He . Especially since, as Ella puts it, theres a kind of feedback loop of gentrifiers complain[ing] about gentrification without acknowledging that they're complicit., When asked what Penn owes to the communities it inhabits, Phil talks for a while before pausing to take a deep breath: It just owes them their space.. Business owners opened smaller boutiques, restaurants, and bars that catered to youthful adults who preferred to live within walking distance of dining and other diversions. They also converted spacious industrial spaces into arts and music venues. This resurgence was fueled by a demographic upheaval which found baby boomers, new immigrants, and young college graduates choosing cities over suburbs. But for existing communities facing the gentrification of their neighborhood, those dreams of revival were dampened by fears of displacement. WVU economist Zachary Porreca compared data on property values and shootings in Philadelphia and found that when one block gentrifies, drug crime migrates to neighboring blocks, escalating in the. The area around Temple University in North Philadelphia also witnessed rapid changes. Its exhausting work. The disruptions of convocation and the BIA meeting and Bishop Barbers gathering all led to a response from a university representative deflecting and downplaying Penns involvement in the sale. By the 2010s, Greater Philadelphia was grappling with issues familiar to all urban areas in the midst of gentrification. By 2010, only about 5 percent of Queen Village residents were African American. And gentrification is only now beginning to take root north of Girard Avenue, in some of the most heavily disinvested and pockmarked North Philadelphia neighborhoods (Sharswood, Brewerytown, Strawberry Mansion, Fairhill.). So, too, did a greater police presence, designed to enforce the newly genteel social order. From 1960 to 1970, the neighborhoods percentage of nonwhite residents fell from 20 percent to 7 percent. Universities and hospitals, which could not move their operations out of the city, fueled this growth. A 2016 study by the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia found that the city has lost roughly 20,000 lowcost rental units (rent and utilities under $750) since 2000. Penn still plans to continue building north of Market and west of 43rd. Tang additionally suggested that state interventions needed to deal with displacement, because gentrification has been driven by the deregulation of the housing market. West Philadelphia's population shifted from majority-white to majority-black between 1950 and 1960. San Francisco, it seems, is in a later stage of its gentrification timeline than Philadelphia. In the West Philadelphia area around Mantua, gentrification is a constant, looming concern. Armed with generous mortgages, these gentrifiers were careful to heed OPDCs stringent guidelines for historical verisimilitude. Factors that had once driven people away from citiestheir density, their older housing stock, the presence of ethnic and racial minoritiesnow drew them back to the urban core. Dylan Gottlieb is a Ph.D. student at Princeton University, where he works on recent American urban history. For the first of three mapping layers, the city's Bureau of Planning and Sustainability (BPS) used . Is Philadelphia a gentrification? (WHYY, December 18, 2013), Mapping gentrification in Philly by tracking permits (WHYY, February 21, 2014), 'Challenges and opportunities' of gentrification discussed at weekend forum in Germantown (WHYY, April 28, 2014), Selling gentrification to neighbors of the old West Philadelphia High School building (WHYY, June 19, 2014), Gentrifying Philadelphia (WHYY, June 8, 2015), Point Breeze neighbors, beer garden developer at 'lagerheads' over collision of old and new (WHYY, July 23, 2015), Path out of gentrifying Philly neighborhoods just as likely to lead up as down, study finds (WHYY, October 15, 2105), Philadelphia City Council votes to extend 'gentrification protection' program (WHYY, March 18, 2016), Veteran says military gave him the strength to stand up to gentrification (WHYY, August 29, 2016), Philadelphia's disappearing low-cost rental housing revealed in Fed gentrification study (PlanPhilly, December 21, 2016), Exploring the past, future of Philly neighborhoods during annual Jane's Walk (WHYY, May 6, 2017), West Philly gentrification means upheaval for these longtime residents (WHYY, May 11, 2017), Pop-up exhibit in Philly's Kensington neighborhood puts focus on gentrification (WHYY, June 6, 2017), Uncertain future as Puerto Rican community faces gentrification in Norris Square (Al Dia via WHYY, December 16, 2019), Central Philadelphia Development Corporation, The City that Might Have Been: Edmund Bacon's Philadelphia (PhillyHistory.org), Philadelphia's Changing Neighborhoods: Gentrification and other shifts since 2000 (Pew Charitable Trusts), Manayunk: A Place to Drink (PhillyHistory.org), The Problems and the Promise: Gentrification in Philadelphia (Philly.com), 50 Years of Gentrification: A Timeline (NextCity.org, December 2014), Redevelopment & Preservation (Philadelphia: The Great Experiment), Form, Design, and the City (1962) (Philadelphia Department of Records), Renewal and Gentrification in Philadelphia (Philadelphia: The Great Experiment), Dock Street's Transformation Into Society Hill (Philadelphia: The Great Experiment), Uprooting Philadelphians (Philadelphia: The Great Experiment), Urban Renewal (Philadelphia: The Great Experiment), How Gentrification Can Affect Your Credit Score (Next City, October 23, 2015), Gentrification without Displacement (Philadelphia Coalition for Affordable Places, Spring 2015), These 5 Neighborhood Maps Show Roots of Gentrification (Next City), Three Maps that Explain Gentrification in Philadelphia (Plan Philly). The community is worth fighting for. Davids added. It all comes down, in the end, to money. It garnered media attention, brought the community into the fight, and helped residents build greater connection with activists, students, and organized labor in the city. As a result of these secular changes, more formerly depressed neighborhoods saw increased investment. After decades of slow economic decline from the loss of industrial mills and manufacturing plants, Philadelphia officials offered tax incentives to small businesses and property owners in Manayunk during the 1980s to spur redevelopment and bring more middle-class residents into the area. Rents rise, and residents like Clare Finn, who grew up in West Philly and lives there now as an adult, are priced out of their own neighborhoods.. Queen Villages heyday of diversity and cooperation proved to be short-lived, however. Residents of neighborhoods undergoing the most rapid changes watched as their longstanding social networks evaporated. . To him, its untouched by the tentacles of development, a community similar to West Philly 20 years ago. Penn is still displacing people, plain and simple, Casey Lynch (C 18), who has been involved with the Netter Center for four years, said. His latest publication is Closer to Heaven: Race and Diversity in Suburban America, which will appear in the Journal of Urban History in 2015. As industrial jobs evaporated, Greater Philadelphias institutional service sector expanded. Streetwise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community. Notice that many of the suburban and industrial areas were ineligible to gentrify because they had too few people or were too wealthy. That's typical for a gentrifying city. The protesters, including students, chanted Save UC Townhomes and stop Penn-trification. After sitting briefly, Magill attempted to continue, making the disrespectful suggestion to the protesters, among whom were local residents facing eviction, that Democracy cannot work unless people can live together, learn from one another and, paradoxically, disagree. Amid continuous chants, Magill was unable to finish her remarks. The candy making there gave way to residential development. UCity is just a marketing scheme.. Ella suggests that gentrifiers in West Philly, including Penn students, have a huge responsibility to really engage with their neighbors, old and new, and to work to make sure the neighborhood isnt pushing more people out.. The city had the power to seize land under eminent domainwhich allowed them to dice the community with the aim of making West Philly a satisfactory residential community and helping it to fulfill its potential as a center of private research.. The blocks surrounding Dock Street continued to be popular in the nineteenth century, as hundreds of merchants established distribution warehouses and sidewalk storefronts to sell a variety of food to other Philadelphia businesses and individuals. Ultimately, the return of the middle and upper classes to the city was not a panacea for all of the regions ills. The concept of gentrification is a muddled one. Many uprooted residents resettled elsewhere in the citysome moving to adjoining neighborhoods still awaiting rehabilitation, some following cheaper rents to inner-ring suburbs. Penn, unbeknownst to renters, created the blight it needed, Dr. Palmer explained. By 2000, over 44 percent of Manayunks residents worked in managerial or professional positions, up from just 12 percent in 1970. As Philadelphias population rose for the first time since World War II, an increasing number of neighborhoods outside of Center City began to experience a revival. Ethnic businesseskosher wine merchants, haberdasheries, and furrierswere reincarnated as vegetarian restaurants, feminist bookstores, and hip clothing boutiques. Some residents and leaders in Philadelphia are upset - the University of Pennsylvania's investments in policing and a local school have made parts of the city . After rallying at City Hall, protesters stormed the BIA networking event at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, confronting developers and public officials. When did . Colonial row houses, they believed, were a stark contrast to the stultifying sameness of the suburbs. In rapidly changing neighborhoods like Old City, minority residents often suffered the brunt of such measures. Gentrification, by definition, is the process of renovating and improving a house or district to appeal to the middle class. For example, when the university partnered with the school district to fund Penn Alexander Elementary in 2001, 57% of the students in its catchment area were African American; as of 2021, Black students represented less than 17% of the student body. By May 20, 2016. But nobody could deny the effectiveness of the organizing, which has forced the property owner to extend its contract with HUD again, this time until the end of December. However, due to political and financial disagreements, Bacons vision was never realized. The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia. In Philadelphia, you can see many neighborhoods experienced gentrification, the map shows. One afternoon in 2017, a friend sent me a picture of New Light Beulah Baptist Church being demolished. 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