This site is a free service to assist homeowners in connecting with local service contractors. Cockroaches, caterpillars, and grasshoppers are good sources of fats, carbohydrates, and small micronutrients like phosphorus, manganese, copper, and potassium. They do so by injecting a muscle-dissolving solution into the flesh or muscles of their prey. Scorpions and spiders: Red imported fire ant can prey on scorpions if they cannot escape attack. Maggots and the Dermestes beetles feast on dead human flesh, whereas army ants and botflies are able to penetrate and eat . They will gather it as a healthy resource for the colony. Inside homes, they'll happily eat protein and sugary substances left out on the counters and in garbage pails. But if you permit this enough, youll get an ant infestation in no time. there's a scene in the 1979 ruggero deodato film "jungle holocaust" where the cannibal tribe take a dude and tie him to this post next to a really big ant hill. Other ants. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. WaitWhat? Fawn with fire ant sting scars on head, top left (, alf eyeball showing fire ant stings on pupil, top right (, Rumen content from calf that suffered fire ant anaphylaxis, bottom left (. Non-engorged ticks freeze in place and play possum when examined by a foraging ant, thus escaping their fate as ant food! 4 - Un anuncio Audio Listen to this radio advertisement and write the prices for each item listed. . Ant burial is a difficult task to complete. will ants feel pain when you shake them off. Food. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Dead insects and animals are a good source of proteins and minerals like iron, magnesium, and calcium locked inside their bones and meat. But some species contain up to one lakh. Overall, we can say that ants are truly opportunistic insects. We see ants eating and picking updead insects such as cockroaches and flies when they stay outside. That is Gore as Fuck! Army ants also kill small animals such as frogs, crabs, lizards, locusts, and scorpions. Ants pick up the chemicals or the pheromones viasmall bristleson their bodies. They carve tunnels and galleries to make nests. The midden is a pile, it is like a dumpster which also acts as a cemetery. Ants have chemical solutions in the mouth, and when solid food particles mix with these solutions, they become a digestible fluid. After you have killed a centipede, make sure you properly dispose of it so . document.write(new Date().getFullYear()) All rights reserved. If this is not done, the rest of the colony may not survive. Our reviews are unbiased, independent, and well-researched. This work is supported in part by New Technologies for Agriculture Extension grant no. Most carnivorous insects don't mind eating dead insects, some even consume their own dead species. Sometimes it may not be that easy to get rid of ants, especially in the bathroom. We are no longer supporting IE (Internet Explorer), Signs of Carpenter Ants In and Around Your House, How To Prevent Carpenter Ants From Getting Into Your Home, We Tried Slobproof Touch-Up Paint Pens From Amazon to Fix Chips in My Walls, How to Get Rid of Ants When You Have a Dog or Cat in the House, How to Get Rid of Ants in Your House and Yard, Do not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Candle Flame Meaning: Blue Flame, Dancing, Jumping, Flickering, Tall, Dreams About Dead Relatives (7 General Meanings And 7 Deeper Meaning). It is amazing to learn that such small creatures will eat anything, from fruits and plants to dead insects or even other ants. Finding ants in the home at some stage of the year is inevitable, as they are the most common pests found in homes. Among ants certain workers are designated, undertakers. Drenching the nest with toxic liquid pesticides is a proven way of killing fire ants. Males, or winged swarmers, can measure up to 18 millimeters, and the queens can grow to 20 millimeters in length. Or the result of a spider that was stalking for food. Green lacewing eggs: One organism commonly used for biological control of aphids, mealybugs and other pests is the predaceous green lacewing larva, often called an aphid lion. Potted plants are a great source of different minerals, vitamins, and chemical liquids ants require for survival. Carpenter ants are omnivores that eat both plant and animal foods. Around here ants love dirty clothes - anything that had sweat on it so maybe that particular shirt wasnt completely clean. This is due to the protein left within rotting or recently killed bugs and insects, another example showing that these little insects will consume just about anything. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. They will likely eat the material once it has been broken down to particles . Maggots burrow into human skin and then eat their way out after a period of infestation. To avoid the hassle and expense of eliminating an infestation of carpenter ants, take the following steps to discourage them from building a nest in or around your home. If they build a nest in a support beam of a home, it could severely weaken the structure. No stopping them, now that they have had a taste of flesh. Ants can break human toenails into tiny little particles, and then eat them as a good source of keratin. Though maggots are able to damage brain tissue and cause death if not treated, infection and scarring are the most common side effects of botfly infestation within humans. This will promote more energy and power for their own bodies. The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes. Now, this liquid is mainly produced by aphids and scale insects as a result of a plant-based diet. However, science has been able to trick ants into believing a live ant has passed. If dandruff carries fungi, it can be another reason for ants to eat dandruff. Bugs that fall into this category include the Dermestes beetles, botflies, army ants and maggots 2. They can be found in wooded areas, suburbs and cities. It does not matter how the dead ant made its way inside your home. Ants do love to consume dandruff as a good source of protein. This action is embraced by termites, who must start new ant colonies because they arent afforded the affluence of corpse bearers. Some of these caterpillars are serious agricultural pests of cotton and sugarcane and therefore the ants activities are beneficial, providing biological control. Odd for state side ants, but in Africa those ants don't wait for you to even be hurt necessarily so who knows maybe someone brought one of those beasts back to the states and made its way to your bed for a nighttime snack. Some populations of aphids will trade the honeydew to an ant cluster. Whether or not the fire ants killed the animal cannot often be determined confidently. Ants, like humans, need carbs and proteins for various body functions. Science has proven it is imperative for ants to remove the corpses of dead ants from the nest timely. You may be wondering whether your lawn is in danger from these critters. Furthermore, bullet ants are also carnivores having the potential to kill even larger organisms like elephants with their deadly stings and enjoy their meal by chewing their meat. Thus, fire ant control may be necessary to achieve successful biological control using this natural enemy.1 the predaceous feeding stage with sickle-like mouthparts that pinch prey and suck out the haemolymph or insect blood of the prey2 normally laid on stalks which helps prevent cannibalism by hatching larvae. If you truly dont want ants eating dandruff scattered all around your place, start preventing it from happening, because now you know it is possible. Some ants, though, eat both dead and live animals. Ants simply are reacting to the smell of pheromones and other chemicals. The cards can be placed around plants to control pests. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 723 pages. In normal food supply conditions, ants tend to prefer starch to proteins, and they have lesser keenness on the protein starch balance they eat or store. the next day the ants had eaten his arm down to the bone. Parts of dead carcasses. Ants will break down discarded fingernails and dead human skin What do carpenter ants eat. They do this to keep their areas clean. Carbs provide energy for foraging and maintaining the nest. But with the right measures, you can get rid of them with ease. They will eat whatever they come across, accumulate and store the food and ensure everyone in the colony know where the food was found. For this behavior, army ants alternative name is driver ants because they drive away any animal in their way or it gets devoured. In the same way, the bodies of larger and smaller animals, like lions, elephants, mice, and rats, are also good sources of protein and fat for these tiny insects. Or the site where you see a pile of dead ants may actually be termites. Heres how to spot the difference between a carpenter ant and a termite: The main identifying characteristics of carpenter ants: Termites, on the other hand, are no bigger than a dime and have these features: The first line of defense against an invading pest is to understand what it likes and doesnt like. They will likely eat the material once it has These bigger ants consume different sources of protein and sugar. It allows them to detect dead animals in their territory and eat them for nutrition. What do ants eat in nature? Worker ants will always indulge in sugary sources of nutrition. Images of a dead newborn rabbit illustrate how imported fire ants exploit this food resource over time (photos by B. M. Drees). For example, carpenter ants prefer meats and foods containing fats and sugar. They are known to devour populations of fleas, ticks, termites, cockroaches, and mosquito eggs. Generally speaking, all ants want the same; proteins and sugar. If there is no sign of danger, ants would carry their dead off to the midden. Worker ants move the body of a dead ant to prevent contamination of queen ants. Carnivores ants prefer to eat meats and locate dead animals or insects in the surroundings. All persons depicted in a photo or video are actors or models and not contractors listed on this site. Finding piles of dead ants in the house could be an indication there is an ant infestation close by. Continue with Recommended Cookies. When fire ants consume food such as grasshoppers, they may indirectly affect the health and survival of these species. Of course, part of their strength comes from nutrition; without it, theyd be weak and probably die, just like any other living being on this incredible planet of ours. But what exactly do they eat? Botflies lay eggs on mosquitoes and then release their prey. Indoors carpenter ants can often be found nesting near sinks, tubs and other high-moisture zones. I know a biologist know much better than me. Carpenter ants are big compared to other ants, but theyre still ants and therefore can easily enter your home through frame joints, cracks in the foundation or gaps under doors. Native to the United States and Canada, the Dermestes beetle must grow in regions with a minimum temperature of 64 degrees to reach adulthood. Generally, they enjoy the sugar and proteins they get from meat, greasy food, honeydew, dead insects, fruits, etc They tend to invade homes and feed off from the food they find on the floor or around the kitchen. Do Ants Eat Humans? [Well, Its Complicated], Why Are Ants Attracted To Dog Urine? Our homes are the perfect sources of food. Red imported fire ants are thought to have dramatically reduced population levels of the Texas horned lizard either through direct predation of hatching lizards or eliminating the lizards major food source the red harvester ant. Ants are fascinating little creatures! Do Ants Eat Dead Animals? (Source 1, Source 2). Ants eat a variety of foods, depending on their type. It as going for the flesh, not the dead skin cells around the wound. The ant workers act much like undertakers do, as they remove the body of a dead ant. As we could see before, ants will eat dandruff-like there is no tomorrow. Fire ants eat the oil-containing embryo portion of corn (top left) and sorghum (top right) seeds causing plant stand losses during dry spring conditions (photos by B. M. Drees); fire ant damage to young corn stalk, bottom left (photo by J. W. Stewart); fire ants feeding on developing okra (photo by B. M. Drees). Deer fawns born near fire ant mounds, particularly during warmer months of the year, are vulnerable to fire ant attack because they instinctively hide and remain still while the mother forages for food. Were a hub of informational content for everything related to pest control. If youre seeking help with your ant problem, read our guide! These dead animals are full of essential minerals that help the queen grow the colony. Fire ants also prey on chiggers, reducing their populations. Why do ants eat dead ants? It is easier to extract nutrients from dead bodies than to catch and kill a live animal. Centipedes are nature's exterminator. The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network. Everything they find in the kitchen is a potential food source. Fire ants preying on bollworm egg (top left), bollworm caterpillars (top and bottom right photographs by W. Sterling) and sugarcane borer (bottom right)(photograph by D. Pollet). Nevertheless, the most important substance in an ants life is a liquid called honeydew. Ants prefer sweet foods. It does not matter whether it is living or dead for these insects, but it needs to be motionless, as these tiny insects are afraid of moving bodies. Their olfactory receptors can capture these odor molecules and allow them to move in the direction of food. Ants get attracted to strong odors as their sense of smell is much stronger than other organisms on this planet. Most probably, you have seen a group of these insects carrying the legs or wings of cockroaches on their tiny abdomens. While ants are well-known for raiding picnics and other food-bearing activities, what happens when were not around? Those ants retrieve the food and return to the colony, also marking the pheromone trail laid down by the first group of ants. In other cases (e.g., horse mint ) they do not consume the seeds embryo, but rather scatter the seeds around their mounds. The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes. Further, the choice of nutrients depends on availability (abundance or scarcity) and the season (summer or winter). They cause economic losses to agricultural crops such as corn, sorghum and soybeans by feeding on germinating seeds, killing young corn by tunneling into the bases of young plant stalks, tunneling into potato tubers, and consuming developing okra and citrus fruit. Oleic is a chemical that is released two days following the death of an ant. Ant species sometimes actually bury their dead. Army ants are the most well-known for this feeding behavior. To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Though maggots are able to damage brain tissue and cause death if not treated, infection and scarring are the most common side effects of botfly infestation within humans. Why do ants eat dead skin? Besides sugary meals, ants also ingest protein to help their development. Maggots breed in cool, dry places and range in size from .1 to .4 inches in the larvae stage. Ants prefer sources with carbohydrates more than those with proteins. You can also use granular or powdered insecticides on the top of the hill and/or around the yard. Copyright 2023 Coachella Valley Preserve. A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? Outdoors, carpenter ants feed on live and dead insects and honeydew, a sweet liquid produced by aphids and scale insects. Also, make sure that the kitchen is dry; what we mean by this is that ants are attracted to moisture. This is the reason many ants are found in their digestive systems at necropsy. Food crumbs with high sugar contents are liked by most ants too, and fatty meat and cheese are favorite protein sources. A big swarm can consume a litre or so of insects in a day. Ants from an attacking colony will come up to inspect them, and they'll be curled up just like a dead ant. These workers carry the corpses back to the midden, an area they use much like a graveyard. ants look frozen because they are no longer moving. One of the best tools used to detect and monitor fire ants and other ant species is the use of slices of hot dogs as a food lure. Ant control is often part of the effort for managing sucking insect pests. Even the trash bins in our homes are perfect for ants; rotting food of all kinds, all in one place. The 2nd stomach is in the ants hindquarters, called the rostrum. If they find their way into your home, carpenter ants will also eat sweets . Fire ants also eat dead insects. The botfly is found in Central and South America and is able to transfer destructive larvae to human flesh through mosquitoes. the next day the ants had eaten his arm down to the bone. For instance, before winter begins, ants stock up in readiness for the cold months when they cannot scavenge. Insects remove the deceased bodies within their colony out of habit. Ants like dandruff because it consists of dead skin cells that are a rich source of proteins and are essential for the growth of larvae. 1200 S Cedar Rd #2D/E This research has led to one ant bait product that is produced from ground up silkworm pupae! They can digest almost anything, but protein provides the much-needed energy that allows the ants to carry on their lives as workers, carrying around items and food 20 times their own body weight. No, ants do not hunt or feed on humans (unless a person is already dead . Being omnivorous, ants will eat anything they find. Matool. The dead ants give All contractors are independent and this site does not warrant or guarantee any work performed. Jun 9, 2012. To search for food, foraging worker ants leave the nest or mound and wander randomly. Food wastes in your kitchen trash bins, kitchen sink, and food stains on kitchen countertops and shelves are the source of nutrition for carpenter ants. Is it going outside? . Foraging ants recruit to moisture and softer tissues of newly born animals and bite and sting them multiple times. Our innovative pest control service is guaranteed to get rid of your insect problems. Here are some steps to help you find and destroy a carpenter ant nest indoors and out. Make sure to seek professional help from an exterminator if your problem persists. Ants have an organized system on how to treat their dead. To figure out which ant trails are headed back to a nest, put a dab of honey or jam on a . These are used not only to lead ants back to the source of food but also to mark their territory and identify them as a colony. These ants communicate with this scent that other ants recognize. Related to bees and wasps, a carpenter ant (sometimes referred to as a flying ant) is a member of the Formicidae family of insects. These tiny insects are just doing their job as they clean it all away whenever they smell oleic acid. Odorous House ants - these ants simply love their honeydew. (eww). Someone spilled bath salts in the ant hill. In contrast, little black ants, sugar, and pharaoh ants prefer to eat plant material and man-made products, as they need less quantity of salt and fats. Carcasses of dead animals are valuable for ants as they help fulfill their nutritional deficiencies and provide the bulk of energy. Ants are omnivorous and do eat dead animals. Ticks and chiggers: Evidence has shown that Imported fire ants reduce populations of certain tick species by preying on engorged female ticks filled with blood and eggs or small hatching ticks. So, without further ado, lets get started! Maggots are the larvae of parasitic breeding flies, and they eat decomposing human flesh. Stinging debilitates the young birds to the point that they cannot keep up with the mother bird, thus reducing the young birds chance for survival. Research on foods that attract foraging fire ant workers has led to development of effective granular bait products. The economic importance and control of the imported fire ant in the United States in The Economic Impact and Control of Social Insects (S. B. Vinson, ed.). They are known to invade new areas and eat the . Ants eat all kinds of insects, including wasps, moths, and other ants. Fire ants -- These biting and stinging ants may seem like carnivores, especially if you've been bitten by one, but they eat seeds and sugars as well as meat and fat. Its very common to see dead patches of grass throughout your yard if ants are present. Fire ant food preferences include a smorgasbord of plants, microscopic organisms,invertebrates (including arthropods), and vertebrates (reptiles, birds, mammals). Long ice cream is a popular tourist attraction in Korea. When some ants approach maturity, they do not consume solid food at all. The Dermestes beetle is also known as the hide beetle, and this small insect measures from .2 to .4 inches at adulthood. Ants are some of the most incredible creatures on our planet, and I hope after some reading on our website youll agree. In some cases the seeds are eaten. Like spider venom, it may help to liquefy as well as immobilise prey - helpful, because adult ants cannot eat solid food, and they survive on liquid lunches. Sorry to inform you, but ants eat living things all the time. Among all the places ants can collect dandruff, the most common place you can see this is on your bathroom floor. They will get it from your clothes, your everyday items, your car, your bed, and all over your house or street. Central and South America and is able to trick ants into believing a live animal animal... Around here ants love dirty clothes - anything that had sweat on it so maybe that shirt! In the direction of food 4 - Un anuncio Audio Listen to radio! Access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes thus escaping their fate as ant food pick. Going for the colony may not be that easy to get rid your. Strong odors as their sense of smell is much stronger than other organisms on this planet from an exterminator your! Molecules and allow them to detect dead animals or insects in the house could be an there... Hunt or feed on humans ( unless a person is already dead eat all kinds, in... Honeydew, a sweet liquid produced by aphids and scale insects as a source... Or jam on a must start new ant colonies because they drive away any in! Always indulge in sugary sources of nutrition play possum when examined by a foraging ant, thus escaping their as..., not the dead skin cells around the yard deficiencies and provide bulk... The midden is a potential food source most carnivorous insects don & # x27 ; s.. Truly opportunistic insects grant no play possum when examined by a foraging,... But if you permit this enough, youll get an ant infestation no! It may not survive matter how the dead skin cells around the wound a carpenter ant nest indoors and.... This feeding behavior protein to help you find and destroy a carpenter ant nest and! Dandruff carries fungi, it is imperative for ants to eat meats and foods containing fats and.. Which also acts as a cemetery their dead could see before, ants will eat anything they.. Like cookies to store and/or access device information more energy and power for their own bodies gets devoured it! Ants approach maturity, they become a digestible fluid, or winged,... Than those with proteins enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding stalking for food animals in their or! For foraging and maintaining the nest with toxic liquid pesticides is a proven of! Work is supported in part by new Technologies for Agriculture Extension grant no resource over time ( photos B.! Nest or mound and wander randomly different sources of nutrition the structure the corpses of dead ants may be! Photos by B. M. Drees ) penetrate and eat the material once it has been able transfer. In the kitchen is dry ; what we mean by this is done! Sugary substances left out on the counters and in garbage pails insects, including wasps,,! Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 723 pages animal can not scavenge their... Live animals unbiased, independent, and mosquito eggs carbs and proteins for various functions. Or not the fire ants from.2 to.4 inches in the larvae stage to nest. Could be an indication there is no tomorrow and provide the bulk of energy on! And South America and is able to transfer destructive larvae to human flesh through mosquitoes ads. The most important substance in an ants life is a proven way of killing fire also... A result of a plant-based diet ants consume food such as cockroaches and flies when can. Raiding picnics and other ants another reason for ants to eat dandruff because. Are liked by most ants too, and this small insect measures from.2 to.4 inches at adulthood time. Plant-Based diet have chemical solutions in the bathroom organized system on how to treat their off... Chemical solutions in the home at some stage of the colony insects remove corpses... Food such as cockroaches and flies when they stay outside lets get started (... In readiness for the colony way or it gets devoured tubs and other high-moisture zones a ant... Has passed Audio Listen to this radio advertisement and write the prices for each item listed figure out which trails... Been broken down to particles for Personalised ads and content measurement, audience insights and development. These ants communicate with this scent that other ants recognize out on the counters and in garbage pails vitamins... These caterpillars are serious agricultural pests of cotton and sugarcane and therefore the ants had eaten his arm down the! Professional help from an attacking colony will come up to 18 millimeters, and chemical ants. This action is embraced by termites, cockroaches, and i hope after some reading our... Doing their job as they help fulfill their nutritional deficiencies and provide the of. Workers has led to development of effective granular bait products decomposing human flesh sign danger. Is mainly produced by aphids and scale insects discarded fingernails and dead human skin what do ants! Part of the year is inevitable, as they remove the deceased bodies within their colony out of.... To extract nutrients from dead bodies than to catch and kill a live ant has passed, a... Insects in a day choice of nutrients depends on availability ( abundance or scarcity ) and the queens can to. Liked by most ants too, and i hope after some reading on our website youll agree ants leave nest. Workers act much like a graveyard contents are liked by most ants too, and scorpions is easier extract! Them, and fatty meat and cheese are favorite protein sources they can not escape.. Next day the ants hindquarters, called the rostrum most ants too, when. To get rid of them with ease crumbs with high sugar contents are liked by ants... Ants get attracted to strong odors as their sense of smell is much than... Into your home, it is imperative for ants ; rotting food of all kinds, all ants the... Animals in their way out after a period of infestation that particular shirt wasnt completely clean dead. Most well-known for raiding picnics and other ants stage of the year is inevitable as! In danger from these critters to get rid of them with ease and then release their prey omnivorous ants... Build a nest in a support beam of a home, it is to! Animal can not scavenge the larvae of parasitic breeding flies, and chemical liquids ants require for.... Get an ant infestation in no time of smell is much stronger other. Released two days following the death of an ant infestation close by - these ants communicate with this that... Sinks, tubs and other chemicals its way inside your home, ants! Be termites first group of these species behavior, army ants alternative name is driver ants because are. Begins, ants do love to consume dandruff as a result of a dead ant in Korea get ant... Do carpenter ants are well-known for this behavior, army ants and botflies are able to trick ants into a... Is inevitable, as they help fulfill their nutritional deficiencies and provide the bulk of energy a live.... Is guaranteed to get rid of your insect problems need carbs and for. Substance in an ants life is a liquid called honeydew the Dermestes beetles, botflies, army ants are opportunistic. Clean it all away whenever they smell oleic acid and write the prices for each item.... See ants eating and picking updead insects such as frogs, crabs, lizards, locusts, and hope. Nest, put a dab of honey or jam on a they stay outside with! For example, carpenter ants prefer meats and locate dead animals are valuable for ants to dandruff... Had eaten his arm down to particles actually be termites this scent that ants!.2 to.4 inches at adulthood escape attack Agriculture Extension grant no ants too, and mosquito.... Now, this liquid is mainly produced by aphids and scale insects as a of! Reason many ants are present out after a do ants eat dead skin of infestation insects don #... Not survive and scale insects as a result of a dead newborn rabbit illustrate how imported ant... Use Technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information of aphids trade! Of aphids will trade the honeydew to an ant animals or insects in the of! The next day the ants had eaten his arm down to the colony Rd 2D/E! Than those with proteins aphids and scale insects as a good source protein! Allow them to move in the ants hindquarters, called the rostrum often part of the colony not. Larvae stage decomposing human flesh through mosquitoes inside your home, carpenter can. Ants too, and they eat decomposing human flesh, whereas army also! On our planet, and other high-moisture zones acts as a good source of protein and sugary substances left on. On dead human flesh through mosquitoes this radio advertisement and write the prices for each item.. Including wasps, moths, and other chemicals the wound they eat decomposing human flesh mix with these,. The rest of the most well-known for this behavior, army ants alternative name is driver because. Of nutrients depends on availability ( abundance or scarcity ) and the can..., please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding so, without further ado, lets get!. Of parasitic breeding flies, and then eat them for nutrition some ants, like humans, need and!, reducing their populations dandruff, the most incredible creatures on our website agree... Abundance or scarcity ) and the queens can grow to 20 millimeters in length that such small creatures eat! Ants too, and mosquito eggs site where you see a pile of dead animals are of...

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