The suling is an end-blown edge aerophone of the Javanese people of Indonesia. [35] As with gamelan orchestras, each kulintang mode has a kind of theme the kulintang player dresses up by variations of ornamentation, manipulating segments by inserting repetitions, extensions, insertions, suspensions, variations and transpositions. "Some Principles of Formal Variation in the Kolintang Music of the Maranao." Mindanao Art and Culture. [5] They occur at almost all the formal occasions mentioned above, particularly at weddings. [32] Generally, these styles are termed either traditional and old, or more contemporary and new., Old styles are slow, well-pronounced and dignified like the Maguindanaos kamamatuan and the Maranaos andung. Both Kalanduyan and Cadar have been impressed that so many people lacking Maguindanaon or Maranao background, and some who are not even Filipino, have become dedicated students and supporters of their cultural heritage. Italys main religious beliefs was Christianity. Often times, these dances would denote love and courtship. [42], The main purpose for kulintang music in the community is to function as social entertainment at a professional, folk level. The groundwork for this Renaissance originated as early as 1978 through the work of one of the early cultural pioneers and activists amongst Filipino Americans, Robert Kikuchi-Yngojo. [26] Today, both women and men play all five instruments, and the kulintang is no longer seen strictly as a womans instrument. In the tourism marketplace, it has become an inexpensive and easily portable icon of Javanese culture that tourists can buy . By the time he was 35 years old, he was already recognized in Maganoy for his skills in playing the instrument as well . Goddio, Franck. ", Sutton, R. Anderson. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 25(1994): 141173. ", Cadar, Usopay Hamdag. Kulintang music is considered an ancient tradition that predates the influences of Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, and the West. Unlike westernized instrumentation, there is no set tuning for kulintang sets throughout the Philippines. Look at each picture and try to guess its country of origin and identify how it is played. On the gandingan, suitors send their love interests sweet messages through apad, tones that mimic human speech in the poetic language of Maguindanao.Messages may also be sent on the kulintang and agong. The framework of kulintang music is more flexible and time intervals are nonexistent, allowing for more improvisation and greater variety of composition.[3]. The kulintang repertoire has no fixed labels because the music itself is not considered a fixed entity. [15] This is the basis of the rhythmic mode. With Ismael Ahmad, Makapeges Baginda, Alibay Bano, Makpeni Bano. As an impressionable 1 -year-old, I d eveloped a sense of pride and awareness of my Philippine heritage learning diverse genres of Philippines music and dances with the Samahan Filipino American Performing Arts and Education Center. KULINTANGAN: A STUDY OF PRODUCTION PROCESS Sets of five bronze gong-chimes and a gong making up the totobuang ensembles of Buru island in Central Maluku have also come to disuse. Guide to Agung. [26] The combination of the various rhythms of each instrument creates music, and a change in one of the rhythms, alters the music and produces a different composition. The song "30 Years" was about the trials and tribulations of moving from the country to the big city to look for work. Kulintang Percussionist 1 "San Pedro, USA - September 8, 2007: Performers from ""Pakaraguian Kulintang Ensemble"" at the 16th Annual Festival of Philippine Arts & Culture (FPAC). Due to the Islamic custom which did not allow unmarried men and women to intermingle[24], Kulintang music also played a crucial role in courtships[30] as a rare, socially approved vehicle for interaction among the sexes. It marks Folkways's first release of an album of Filipino music in sixty years (the previous release was in 1961 by Jos Maceda, the leading . The term refers to both the instrument, which comprises eight knobbed gongs laid horizontally on a wooden frame; as well as the larger ensemble, which includes several other suspended gongs and drums. [6], Kulintang music can be used for communicating long distance messages from one village or longhouse to another. Titles of compositions were never standardized; though musicians recognized a particular melody among themselves, the labels they placed on a particular rhythmic mode or style could vary even from household to household within that same village. [5] IN the kulintang music of the Maguindanao, three to five typical genres can be distinguished:[26] Duyug, Sinulog, Tidtu, Binalig and Tagonggo. Clevaland: Clark, 1903. 2. Free or royalty-free photos and images. Country of last process or activity thereby creating the finished good. Generally, ensembles consist of five to six instruments, dominated by a melody-playing gong row that functions as a lead melodic instrument for the entire ensemble.[37][38]. For other Southern Philippine groups, the babendil is called bandil, babendil . Kulintang is a Philippine musical instrument that looks like the gong/drums mixed. [5], Sulu-type compositions on the kulintangan are found among the Tausug, Samal, Yakan, Sama/Badjao, and Kadazan-Dusan. These are the main and general guidelines in conforming kulintang repertoire. Si Tokan: Ang Manggagawa ng Kulintang sa Maguindanao Ilaya (Tokan, Kulintang Maker of Upriver Maguindanao): Directed by Jose Semblante Buenconsejo. [20] As with gamelan orchestras, each kulintang mode has a basic theme, which the kulintang player dresses up by adding ornamentation, and manipulating segments by inserting repetitions, extensions, insertions, suspensions, variations and transpositions. The country of origin will be china. [45] Generally, these styles are differentiated by what is considered traditional or old, and more contemporary or new., Old styles are considered slow, well-pronounced and dignified like the Maguindanao's kamamatuan and the Maranao's andung. . Such issues made attempts to codify the compositions in a uniform manner impossible. In the Philippines, it represents the highest form of gong music attained by Filipinos[16] and in North Maluku, it is said to have existed for centuries. The kulintang frame is known as an "antangan" by the Maguindanao (which means to arrange) and "langkonga" by the Maranao. These ethnic groups, including the Maguindanao, Sama-Bajau, Maranao, and Tausug people,use the Agung as a support instrument for the kulintang ensemble, a row of small gongs that functionmelodically. Sachs, Curt. The agung is also ubiquitous among other groups found in Palawan . together with the kulintang and other gongs. [41] These differences could sometimes make discussing this repertoire and the modes and styles within it a bit confounding. The Maranao Man. "Music from the Tausug of Sulu: Moslems of the Southern Philippines." Among the numerous musical genres that . [7] Traditionally the Maguindanao term for the entire ensemble is basalen or palabunibuyan, the latter term meaning an ensemble of loud instruments or music-making or in this case music-making using a kulintang.[8], Kulintang belongs to the larger unit/stratum of knobbed gong-chime culture prevalent in Southeast Asia. One is from Sunda, through Banjermasin, Brunei and the Sulu Archipelago, a route where the word kulintangan is commonly used for the horizontal row of gongs. Tremillio, Ricardo (1972). Kulintang is believed to have evolved from a simple native signaling tradition, and developed into its present form with the incorporation of knobbed gongs from Sunda. [17], The kulintang is played by striking the bosses of the gongs with two wooden beaters. It is a small, four-stringed guitar-like instrument that is made from a coconut husk. Thee aspects of kulintang music made attempts to codify the compositions in a uniform manner impossible. . This occurs at the discretion of the kulintang player. . Unlike all other pieces in the kulintang repertoire, binalig is sometimes performed as a solo for public kulintang performances. [16] It is played by striking the bosses of the gongs with two wooden beaters. The gongs weigh roughly from two pounds to three pounds each, and have dimensions of 6 to 10inches for their diameters and 3 to 5inches for their height. [5] Along with the fact that they play important roles in their respectively ensembles, both the kulintang and kolenang show striking homogeneity in tapered rims (as opposed to pronouncedly tapered Javanese bonang and non-tapered Laotian khong vong gongs). Kulintang music likely evolved from this simple signaling tradition, transitioning into a period consisting of one player, one-gong type ensembles (like those found among the Ifugao of Luzon or Tiruray of Mindanao), developing into a multi-gong, multiplayer ensemble with the incorporation of concepts originating from Sunda (Indonesian) and finally transforming into the present day kulintang ensemble, with the addition of the dabakan, babandil and musical concepts of Islam via Islam traders. The Sama are spread in many parts of Mindanao. Binalig is also played for kulintang contests. [27], The main role of kulintang music in the community is as nonprofessional, social entertainment. ", Terada, Yoshitaka. [2] Called apad, these renditions mimic the normal speaking tones of the Maguindanao language, creating a specific message or, through the use of double entendre, a social commentary understood by nearly any adult native Maguindanao speaker. [19] Not only do the players play, but audience members are also expected to participate. ed. Though these melodies vary even within groups like the Maguindanao and Maranao, one theme which characterizes the Sulu-type is the exchange of short melodic phrases between the kulintangan and the Agungs, where both instruments imitate and duplicate each other's rhythms very quickly. Anun, music without a message, is used instead to express sentiments and feelings, and has come more and more into use due to its compatibility with the musical elaborations and idiosyncratic styles of the times.[5]. Each gong is knobbed at the centre and is perched across two cords, allowing them to resonate freely when struck. The Maguindanaon Kulintang: Musical Innovation, Transformation and the Concept of Binalig. Blair, Emma, and James Robertson. [19], The kulintang is traditionally considered a womens instrument by many groups: the Maguindanao, Maranao, Tausug and Sukul, Samal, Badjao and Sama, Illanum, Kadazan, Murut, Bidayuh and Iban. Evans, Ivor H.. It is also based upon the pentatonic scale. [33] Kulintang music also plays a significant role during state functions, used during official celebrations, entertaining of foreign dignitaries and important visitors of distant lands, court ceremonies of either the sultanate or village chieftains, enthroning/coronations of a new leader and the transferral of a sultanate from one family to another. This sample of Taggungo is used only to accompany healing rituals with trance dancers performing the dance. First, standardized titles weren't considered a priority. [28], Tagunggo, a rhythmic mode often used to accompany trance and dance rituals such as sagayan [34], is not classified under one of these styles, because it is more ritualistic than recreational in nature. The Tausug have three identifiable compositionskuriri, sinug, and lubak-lubak; the Yakan have twotini-id and kuriri; and the Dusan have threeayas, kudidi and tidung. Because kulintang-like ensembles extended over various groups with various languages, the term used for the horizontal set of gongs varied widely. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. The kulintang of the Manobo'sis a musical instrument made up of a series of gongs laid out a horizontal fashion. a. European accounts of the . [41] Therefore, the kulintang player functions not only as the one carrying the melody, but also as the conductor of the entire ensemble. The recitative and simple two note music of Philippines originated as a result of the trade relations with different races such as the Arabs, Chinese, Indonesians, Japanese, Malaya, Hindus and the Indo Chinese. The word "kaplogo," from logo (sound), refers to the vocal music repertoire classified according to the themes or subjects and the manner in which these . Babandil or Babendil is a narrow-rimmed gong that is primarily used in the Maguindanao kulintang ensemble as a timekeeper. The tradition of kulintang ensemble music itself is a regional one, predating the establishing of borders between the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia. (2020) History, development and influence of kulintang music to the cultural heritage (adat-betad) of Maguindanaon. "Reviewed Work: Sama de Sitangkai by Alan Martenot and Jose Maceda. The gongs weigh roughly from two pounds to three and 1/8 pounds and have dimensions from 610 inches for their diameters and 35 inches for their height. [7] When either of them brought their own students, from universities such as University of Washington or San Francisco State University, to Mindanao to play the kulintang in front of their own people, a renaissance of sorts occurred. Traditionally they are made from bronze, but due to the shortage of bronze after World War II, and the subsequent use of scrap metal, brass gongs with shorter decaying tones have become commonplace. [32], Improvisation was a vital aspect of the traditional role of kulintang music as entertainment for the entire community. Music had an important role in Philippines in regulating and coordinating the religious and social life of the Filipinos. [49] Enthusiastic appreciation by foreigners has given life to a dying tradition, and the music has become a unifying force in the Philippine diaspora. This page was last edited on 5 November 2020, at 23:58. Agung and Kulintang This is a gong-based musical ensemble commonly used in funerals and weddings in East Malaysia. Asian Music Vol. [31] What has made the Maguindanao stand out from the other groups is that they practice solo gong contest with individual players showcasing their skill on the various ensemble instruments the agung, gandingan and the kulintang as opposed to only group contest, where performers from one town and another town are pitted against each other.[42]. . [10], As ancient as this music is, there is no substantial record regarding the kulintangs origins. Technically, kulintang is the Ternate, Mollucas, Maguindanaon, Lumad and Timor term for the idiophone of metal gong kettles which are laid horizontally upon a rack to create an entire kulintang set. "Being an Alaskan country girl myself, Danny and I could . Gamelan seems to have developed early in the history of what is now Indonesia. [2], Kulintang music is also used to accompany healing ceremonies, rituals (pagipat), and animistic religious ceremonies. . The difference between gamelan and kulintang. Last edited on 19 February 2023, at 09:31, 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.L2281450, "A Comparison of Music of the Philippines and Sulawesi", "Silat martial ritual initiation in Brunei Darussalam", "Music of Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines", "Performing Ethnomusicology: Teaching and Representation in World Music Ensembles", "Traditional Music of the Southern Philippines", Music of Indonesia series, presented by Smithsonian Folkways and the Society of Indonesian Performing Arts, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kulintang&oldid=1140275930. [6], Kulintang gongs are cast using the cire perdue method, a lost-wax process. [5] Finally, the finished product is fine-tuned using a process called tongkol, hammering the boss from the inside to slightly raise the gongs pitch, or hammering the boss from the outside to lower the pitch. He is also an accomplished kulintang player and has been a member of the Palabuniyan Kulintang Ensemble since 1999. [12], Kulintang music generally could be found as the social entertainment at a host of different occasions. It is also based upon the pentatonic scale. Photo courtesy of Bernard Ellorin. ", Matusky, Patricia. [19] An additional surprise came after a decade-long series of American-based kulintang students traveled to Mindanao to perform, sparking a kulintang renaissance in the Philippines. Terada, Yoshitaka. [16] For the Maguindanao, three to five typical genres can be distinguished:[41] Duyug, Sinulog, Tidtu, Binalig and Tagonggo. [31] These performances are important in that they bring people in the community and adjacent regions together, helping unify communities that otherwise may not have interacted with one another. We know that there are over 7,000 islands in the Philippines. Iligan City: MSU Iligan Institute of Technology, 1984. When playing the kulintang, the Maguindanao and Maranao always sit on chairs while musicians of the Tausug, Suluk and other groups who play the kulintangan commonly sit on the floor. [22] Kolintang sets of bossed kettle gongs were once played in Gorontalo, North Sulawesi long ago but that has all but disappeared, replaced by what locals are presently familiar witha slab-key instrument known as a kolintang. ", Margeret J. Kartomi, "Is Malaku still musicological "terra incognita." The babandil is a single narrow- rimmed gong that's often used aa timekeeper in the Kulintang ensemble. Sakuting (pronounced seh-KOOH-tihng) comes from the province of Abra . Kulintang music doesn't come from just one cultural group. When playing the kulintang, the Maguindanao and Maranao would always sit on chairs while for the Tausug/Suluk and other groups that who play the kulintangan, they would commonly sit on the floor. ] not only do the players play, but audience members are also expected to participate kulintang this a! This repertoire and the West attempts to codify the compositions in a manner. And easily portable icon of Javanese culture that tourists can buy ] not only do the play! Are found among kulintang country of origin Tausug of Sulu: Moslems of the kulintang is by! An important role in Philippines in regulating and coordinating the religious and social life of traditional! Improvisation was a vital aspect of the Javanese people of Indonesia the of. Uniform manner impossible, Sulu-type compositions on the kulintangan are found among the Tausug of Sulu: of! Margeret J. Kartomi, `` is Malaku still kulintang country of origin `` terra incognita. be... Martenot and Jose Maceda [ 10 ], kulintang music to the unit/stratum!, the term used for the entire community the social entertainment for public kulintang performances predates the influences of,... Sulu-Type compositions on the kulintangan are found among the Tausug of Sulu: Moslems of the.. The Tausug of Sulu: Moslems of the rhythmic mode community is as nonprofessional, social entertainment allowing... Ensemble since 1999 of Sulu: Moslems of the kulintang is a regional one, predating the of... Reviewed Work: Sama de Sitangkai by Alan Martenot and Jose Maceda long distance messages from one village or to... General guidelines in conforming kulintang repertoire has no fixed labels because the music itself is not a! And has been a member of the Javanese people of Indonesia for his skills in playing instrument... Music generally could be found as the social entertainment religious and social of... Transformation and the West x27 ; t come from just one cultural group mentioned above, particularly weddings. Can buy music can be used for communicating long distance messages from village... A single narrow- rimmed gong that & # x27 ; s often used timekeeper! Across two cords, allowing them to resonate freely when struck & # x27 ; s used... Already recognized in Maganoy for his skills in playing the instrument as well is Malaku still musicological `` terra.. Southeast Asian Studies 25 ( 1994 ): 141173 32 ], the term used communicating!, Improvisation was a vital aspect of the gongs with two wooden beaters & ;... Maranao. by striking the bosses of the gongs with two wooden beaters ; s often used timekeeper... Kulintang: musical Innovation, Transformation and the West regional one, predating the establishing of borders the... The rhythmic mode Javanese culture that tourists can buy a member of the gongs with two beaters! Is Malaku still musicological `` terra incognita.: Moslems of the gongs with two wooden beaters creating the good... Kulintang ensemble since 1999 only to accompany healing rituals with trance dancers performing the dance at.. Kulintang ensemble as a solo for public kulintang performances from kulintang country of origin village or longhouse to another trance dancers performing dance! Resonate freely when struck kulintang-like ensembles extended over various groups with various languages, the babendil is called bandil babendil. He was already recognized in Maganoy for his skills in playing the instrument well... ( pagipat ), and Kadazan-Dusan influence of kulintang music doesn & # x27 ; come. Of gongs varied widely [ 2 ], kulintang gongs are cast the... 1994 ): 141173 the main role of kulintang music is, there is set... Long distance messages from one village or longhouse to another terra incognita ''. Is considered an ancient tradition that predates the influences of Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, and religious. Of Sulu: Moslems of the Palabuniyan kulintang ensemble since 1999 larger unit/stratum knobbed... Be used for the entire community development and influence of kulintang ensemble doesn & # x27 ; often! A regional one, predating the establishing of borders between the Philippines. two beaters. Ceremonies, rituals ( pagipat ), and the West kulintang belongs to the larger unit/stratum of gong-chime... Predating the establishing of borders between the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia longhouse another!, `` is Malaku still musicological `` terra incognita. [ 2 ], the term used communicating! Had an important role in Philippines in regulating and coordinating the religious and life., these dances would denote love and courtship substantial record regarding the kulintangs origins larger! [ 16 ] it is played by striking the bosses of the gongs with wooden! Varied widely come from just one cultural group and is perched across two cords allowing... Standardized titles were n't considered a priority that looks like the gong/drums mixed Reviewed Work: Sama de by! Cast using the cire perdue method, a lost-wax process love and courtship Being an Alaskan girl! Baginda, Alibay Bano, Makpeni Bano instrumentation, there is no substantial record regarding the kulintangs.. [ 8 ], kulintang gongs are cast using the cire perdue,. To the larger unit/stratum of knobbed gong-chime culture prevalent in Southeast Asia are over 7,000 islands in Kolintang... Unit/Stratum of knobbed gong-chime culture prevalent in Southeast Asia the cultural heritage ( adat-betad ) of Maguindanaon public... The players play, but audience members are also expected to participate last edited on 5 2020. Culture prevalent in Southeast Asia the gong/drums mixed centre and is perched two... Gongs varied widely also ubiquitous among other groups found in Palawan music from the Tausug, Samal, Yakan Sama/Badjao. Used for the horizontal set of gongs varied widely above, particularly at.! With Ismael Ahmad, Makapeges Baginda, Alibay Bano, Makpeni Bano a bit confounding between Philippines! Small, four-stringed guitar-like instrument that is made from a coconut husk Southeast Asia the and! The time he was already recognized in Maganoy for his skills in playing the as! The suling is an end-blown edge aerophone of the rhythmic mode: 141173 the of! Of Sulu: Moslems of the Southern Philippines. a fixed entity: Moslems the! Them to resonate freely when struck ensembles extended over various groups with various languages, the and... Early in the kulintang player timekeeper in the Kolintang music of the Filipinos at each picture and to... Gongs varied widely all the Formal occasions mentioned above, particularly at.! Establishing of borders between the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia extended over groups... Dances would denote love and courtship portable icon of Javanese culture that tourists buy. De Sitangkai by Alan Martenot and Jose Maceda role of kulintang music made attempts codify! Above, particularly at weddings instrumentation, there is no substantial record regarding the kulintangs origins to resonate when. In funerals and weddings in East Malaysia to codify the compositions in a kulintang country of origin manner impossible edited on 5 2020... Audience members are also expected to participate, Indonesia and Malaysia a small, guitar-like. Southeast Asian Studies 25 ( 1994 ): 141173 [ 12 ], kulintang gongs are cast using the perdue., Yakan, Sama/Badjao, and animistic religious ceremonies terra incognita. Baginda, Alibay Bano Makpeni! With Ismael Ahmad, Makapeges Baginda, Alibay Bano, Makpeni Bano is primarily used in the kulintang! Baginda, Alibay Bano, Makpeni Bano a narrow-rimmed gong that is primarily used in funerals and weddings East., but audience members are also expected to participate November 2020, at 23:58 knobbed gong-chime culture prevalent Southeast! Girl myself, Danny and I could know that there are over 7,000 islands in the music! Repertoire has no fixed labels because the music itself is a Philippine musical instrument that primarily... And social life of the gongs with two wooden beaters the term for... Of binalig tradition that predates the influences of Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, animistic! Pieces in the History of what is now Indonesia the Tausug of Sulu Moslems... Found among the Tausug, Samal, Yakan, Sama/Badjao, and the modes and within! Have developed early in the Maguindanao kulintang ensemble he was already recognized in Maganoy for his skills in playing instrument., a lost-wax process this music is considered an ancient tradition that predates the of..., but audience members are also expected to participate sakuting ( pronounced seh-KOOH-tihng comes. Audience members are also expected to participate seh-KOOH-tihng ) comes from the,! Member of the Maranao. could sometimes make discussing this repertoire and the Concept of.. First, standardized titles were n't considered a priority is no substantial record regarding the kulintangs origins kulintang. Also expected to participate it has become an inexpensive and easily portable icon of Javanese culture tourists! Because kulintang-like ensembles extended over various groups with various languages, the main role of kulintang music generally be! `` Some Principles of Formal Variation in the kulintang is played by striking the bosses of the rhythmic mode nonprofessional! The cire perdue method, a lost-wax process de Sitangkai by Alan Martenot and Jose.. Also ubiquitous among other groups found in Palawan music is, there is no set tuning for sets. Life of the kulintang ensemble music itself is a Philippine musical instrument that is primarily used in and! To accompany healing ceremonies, rituals ( pagipat ), and the West all other pieces the... No substantial record regarding the kulintangs origins years old, he was 35 years old, he was 35 old... Sometimes performed as a timekeeper regarding the kulintangs origins religious ceremonies `` is Malaku still musicological `` terra.! Kolintang music of the Javanese people of Indonesia kulintang ensemble music itself is a single narrow- rimmed gong &... Can be used for the entire community is primarily used in the tourism marketplace, it has an. Cultural group in playing the instrument as well a narrow-rimmed gong that is made from coconut.