Read more about sexual initiation as a theme. [18], French plans for an offensive in the 1920s were realistic, as Versailles had forbidden German conscription, and the Reichswehr was limited to 100,000 men. Between 1930 and 1940, the Maginot Line Construction cost France a total of 3 billion francs. That resulted in "the media exaggerating their descriptions by turning the line into an impregnable fortified position that would seal the frontier". Pauline's narrative is very conversational, using the diction, grammar, and rhythm of oral Black-American English. Frieda and Claudia decide to ask Pecola to get whisky from her father in order to keep Frieda from getting fat. An advancing German army would first be spotted by camouflaged observation points hugging the German border. The largest guns were, therefore 135mm (5.3in) fortress guns; larger weapons were to be part of the mobile forces and were to be deployed behind the lines. One Saturday afternoon in spring, Cholly, while totally drunk, rapes his daughter. Her love she saves for the Fishers' daughter, while she becomes quick-tempered and abusive with her own children. Although the name "Maginot Line" suggests a relatively thin linear fortification, it was pretty deep, varying (from the German border to the rear area) from 2025 kilometres (1216 miles). What was the Purpose of the Maginot Line? [26] Germany had to import most of its iron, rubber, oil, bauxite, copper and nickel, making naval blockade a devastating weapon against the German economy. Pauline describes the first steady job she landed, working as a housekeeper for an ungenerous and pretentious white family. Her life is lonely; she takes to going to the movies, where she learns about romantic love and physical beautytwo things Morrison calls "the most destructive ideas in the history of human thought." She returned with her parents to the house, but Henry was gone. In the interval between world wars, several European countries built elaborate permanent fortifications. But does that mean that the Maginot Line was the colossal blunder that many historians have made it out to be? It was composed of an intricate system of strong points, fortifications and military facilities such as border guard posts, communications centres, infantry shelters, barricades, artillery, machine-gun and anti-tank-gun emplacements, supply depots, infrastructure facilities and observation posts. He despises Darlene because his inability to protect her destroys his sense of his own masculinity. France lost about 1.4 million dead and 4.2 million wounded, while . [35] The idea was shelved. Cholly searches for father figuresfirst, in Blue Jack, and then in his biological father. Feester: To worsen, especially due to lack of attention. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. The sisters go to the Breedlove home, but no one is there. Both of the girls think that being ruined means becoming fat like Marie, and believe that Poland and China aren't fat only because they drink whiskey. $24.99 These impressive fortifications 142 large artillery forts called ouvrages or "works," 352 fortified gun emplacements called "casemates," and 5,000 smaller bunkers and pillboxes became known as the Maginot Line, named after the French politician Andr Maginot (pronounced Mah-ji-noh). The final line was strongest around the industrial regions of Metz, Lauter and Alsace, while other areas were, in comparison, only weakly guarded. Frieda likewise demonstrates her love for her father by hitting Rosemary. There are 142 ouvrages, 352 casemates, 78 shelters, 17 observatories and around 5,000 blockhouses in the Maginot Line.[a]. The elephant in the rhyme is said to be a reference to the original Republicans, party of Abraham Lincoln and abolitionism, jumping the fence, or crossing the Mason-Dixon Line, to help free the slaves. 14. (one code per order). Having light eyes marks a character as different. [45], Jackson commented that "it has often been alleged that the Maginot Line contributed to France's defeat by making the military too complacent and defence-minded. It was a series of bunkers, forts, turrets, and obstacles that spanned more than 450 miles of France's border with Germany. Music Producer, Rapper, Gamer, Artist , Just trying to make it through this thing called LIFE!! Saltzman provided art director Syd Cain with a tour of the complex. These GFM cloches were sometimes used to emplace machine guns or observation periscopes. The design of the casemates is similar to the ones found in the southern part of the Maginot Line, and photographs of them are often confused with Maginot forts. In 1940, France deployed about twice as many men, 36 divisions (roughly one third of its force), for the defence of the Maginot Line in Alsace and Lorraine. Claudias mother, an authoritarian and sometimes callous woman who nonetheless steadfastly loves and protects her children. Morrison also manages to humanize Marie (the Maginot Line) without sugar-coating her. During peacetime, fortresses were only partly manned by full-time troops. 3. It may be, though, that such an accusation coming from girls she thought might be innocent only makes the accusation more painful for Miss Marie. The protagonist of the novel, an eleven-year-old Black girl who believes that she is ugly and that having blue eyes would make her beautiful. His desire to poison the animal stems solely from his own hatred of the beast, and his racial self-loathing prevents him from offering any sound counsel to Pecola. The blocks contained infrastructure such as power stations, independent ventilating systems, barracks and mess halls, kitchens, water storage and distribution systems, hoists, ammunition stores, workshops and spare parts and food stores. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. Maginot was another veteran of World War I; he became the French Minister of Veteran Affairs and then Minister of War (19281932). These were buried concrete bunkers designed to house and shelter up to a company of infantry (200 to 250 men). One attack broke through a weak section of the line in the Vosges Mountains, but the French defenders stopped a second attack near Wissembourg. You can view our. When he returned, Mr. and Mrs. MacTeer attacked him. | Friedas experience is frightening and confusing, but she is quickly defended by her protective parents, and Henry is a foolish rather than a threatening figure. THE MAGINOT LINE I31 ernment.I As a result, much of the spirit of the reform was quietly nullified, though the law, including the two-year service, remained on the statute books. Heavy rail artillery was hauled by locomotives to planned locations to support the emplaced artillery in the fortresses, which was intentionally limited in range to 1012km (67mi). Telephone Network: This system connected every fortification in the Maginot Line, including bunkers, infantry and artillery fortresses, observation posts and shelters. The girl is the daughter of the family that employs Breedlove as a servant. Theylive above the Breedlove apartment and befriendPecola. "The French were beaten emotionally and spiritually," says Kirchubel. Borey, Eddie. Not according to Robert Kirchubel, a military historian with the FORCES Initiative at Purdue University. Pecola, already showing signs of pregnancy, comes to him and asks for blue eyes. The community knows Miss Marie as the Maginot Line. They associate being "ruined" with the prostitutes, as they sense it has something to do with distasteful sexual interactions like the one Frieda experienced, and assume because Miss Marie is fat, she must be ruined. Why does Maureen have a privilege status in the school community? Frieda says that they can't because Marie is a ruined woman. Consequently, the Germans invaded through the Low Countries in 1940, passing it to the north. Contact us Ultimately, any tender feelings Cholly has for Pecola are transformed into a desire to consume her. During the advance to the English Channel, the Germans overran France's border defence with Belgium and several Maginot Forts in the Maubeuge area whilst the Luftwaffe simply flew over it. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. Keep in mind, says Kirchubel, that the French didn't believe that the Maginot Line alone could win another war with Germany. The Maginot Line was the brainchild of Marshal Joseph Joffre, a French WWI general, but it was hardly a new idea. Furious, Mrs. Breedlove sends the girls away and comforts the little white girl, who has begun to cry. 9. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! To push Germany into an effort to circumvent via Switzerland or Belgium. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. She says they can wait on the porch until Pecola gets home but they are too scared of her. The Schoenenbourg Maginot Line fort (Ouvrage Schoenenbourg) was the largest of the Maginot Line forts, a series of forts built in the 1920s and 30s by the French government to deter invasion from Germany. The events by the riverbed are important: note that Cholly's hatred is not directed at the white hunters, but at Darlene. The association between spring and the pain of being beaten not only speaks to the punishment Claudia and Frieda receives at home, but in a larger sense, foreshadows the brutal events that will occur in the narrative during the Spring season, including Frieda's sexual assault and Pecola's rape. These mixed-race colonial subjects worship their own oppressors, struggling to emulate them. The serpent, constructed over a period of 11 years at a cost of some seven billion prewar francs, was France's last, best hope to avert another German invasion, another devastating war. In her distress, Mrs. MacTeer sings about a place far from Loraine, Ohio, signifying a desire to escape her current situation. Their crew consisted of between 100 and 200 men. Maginot Line. The false sense of security contributed "to the development of the "Maginot mentality". As the line was surrounded, the German Army attacked a few ouvrages from the rear but was unsuccessful in capturing any significant fortifications. Breedlove. From upstairs, the little girl calls for Polly, and Pecola accidentally pulls a freshly baked berry cobbler off the counter. "Maginot and these other guys weren't dumb," says Kirchubel. When she speaks to Pecola and her friends, her voice is like rotten pieces of apple, but when she speaks to the white girl, her voice is like honey. [18], France had an alliance with Belgium and with the states of the Cordon sanitaire, as the French alliance system in Eastern Europe was known. Her courtesy and hospitality are real, but she has no patience for the girls' disrespect. In 1940 German Army Group B, a force of around 1 million men and 1,500 crossed the Ardennes and across the River Meuse. After a brief rest, Frieda is more determined than ever to go and find Pecola. Patreon: https://www.patr. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. The color of eyes is not for looking, but for being looked at. The Maginot Line named after Andre Maginot, the defense minister who initiated its construction was intended to act as a deterrent, as well as protect the vulnerable 200-mile border from . Youve successfully purchased a group discount. The little white girl is dressed in delicate pink and has yellow hair. Another complication was Holland, and the various governments never resolved their problems.[29]. Andr Maginot finally convinced the government to invest in the scheme. In response, The Maginot Line throws glass bottle at the girls and laughs at them as they run away. For the girls, the beauty of the homes likewise signifies their worth and the worth of the people who live in them. Miss Marie is overweight and kind, China read analysis of China, Poland, and Miss Marie Maureen Peal She slaps Pecola twice, even though the cobbler has burned her legs, demonstrating her disdain for her own child. Maureen is light-skinned and wealthy. 19 January 2021. So look for a guy on youtube called feedback gaming. Her incessant cleaning suggests she feels her home has been dirtied through the violation of her daughter. The Treaty of Versailles: Did the End of WWI Cause the Start of WWII? She finds her mother singing and behaving strangely, absentmindedly doing the same chore twice. Discount, Discount Code She finds a permanent job working for a wealthy and warm-hearted white family called the Fishers. These various structures reinforced a principal line of resistance made up of the most heavily armed ouvrages, which can be roughly translated as fortresses or big defensive works. Mrs. Breedlove's reflection in the white furnishings symbolically represents her desire to be white and embody whiteness. [12], The great conclusion that was drawn in Paris after the Ruhrkampf and the 1924 London Conference was that France could not make unilateral military moves to uphold Versailles as the resulting British hostility to such moves was too dangerous to the republic. The hot pie filling burns Pecola's legs painfully, but when Mrs. Breedlove returns and sees the mess she runs to Pecola and backhands her, knocking the girl down. These anti-tank obstacles extended from end to end in front of the main works, over hundreds of kilometres, interrupted only by extremely dense forests, rivers, or other nearly impassable terrains. Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. The Question and Answer section for Bluest Eye is a great This was impossible elsewhere as the other parts of the line were located in civilian areas.[10]. Cholly refuses to give her money for better clothes, so she takes work housekeeping. The latter meant the next war's destructive consequences would not take place on French soil. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. Following the First World War, the French government and military officials feared another war with Germany would occur sometime in the future. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. As the water table in this region is high, there was the danger of underground passages getting flooded, which the line designers knew would be difficult and expensive to overcome. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. The quest for whiskey and the girls' disdain for the Maginot Line show, once again, the esteem the girls have for their mother's opinion and her wisdom. He humiliates Cholly and turns his back on him, returning to his game of dice. The genius behind these innovative fortifications was Sbastien Le Prestre de Vauban, who designed dozens of strongholds, including the magnificent fortified town of Neuf-Brisach in the contested Alsace-Lorraine region bordering Germany. Frieda is more knowledgeable about the adult world and sometimes braver than Claudia. Frieda ran from the house to find her parents, who were in the garden, and told them what had happened. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. [27] For economic reasons, the success of the strategy of la guerre de longue dure would at the very least require Britain to maintain a benevolent neutrality, preferably to enter the war as an ally as British sea power could protect French imports while depriving Germany of hers. A period of sustained Francophobia broke out in Britain, with Poincar being vilified in Britain as a cruel bully punishing Germany with unreasonable reparations demands. The World War II German invasion plan of 1940 (Sichelschnitt) was designed to deal with the line. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. However, after France had failed to counter the German remilitarisation of the Rhineland, Belgiumthinking that France was not a reliable allyabrogated the treaty in 1936 and declared neutrality. Wed love to have you back! [52] The article portrayed vulnerability by showing a rocket being transported through a marshy area atop an ox. The third-person narrator returns to fill in details about Pauline Breedlove's life, in a section that also has passages narrated first-person by Pauline. Through the window they see Mr. Henry inside with, legs and an ugly face. [23] The fact that the Wehrmacht embraced the strategy of Blitzkrieg (Lightning War) with the vision of swift wars in which Germany would win quickly via a knockout blow was a testament to the fundamental soundness of the concept of la guerre de longue dure. Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. 20 to 30 men manned them. ", "Opinion The difficult truths behind 'Dunkirk', The Maginot Line (French/English/German/Italian), Fortress of Schoenenbourg, (French/English/German/Italian), The U.S. Army vs. Their father's reaction, while violent, demonstrates the love he has for his family, which is contrasted later when Cholly rapes Pecola, simultaneously failing to protect her and acting as the aggressor. This section shows the powerful deterministic forces that have shaped Pauline. French military experts believed the line would deter German aggression because it would slow an invasion force long enough for French forces to mobilise and counterattack. 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