These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Where that ends and just war theory starts, Im unclear. -cost effective for low-risk offenders, the difference between a parole and probation officer, probation officers deal with offenders before to incarceration as alternatives and parole officers deal with offenders after they have spent time imprisoned, -agents of social control this rate is usually expressed in terms of the number of readmissions within a particular period of time. The Square of 6.3 will be 39.69. this is good because it allows the offender to work a set of numbers of hours doing community improvement work. Suppose that a sanctions regime does do this but actually is trying to address human rights abuses, and the reason why the state, say, the United States, is engaged in the sanctions regime is for good human rights reasons. -most like to be given to youth The right to health includes not only the access to preventive, curative, reproductive, palliative and supportive health care but also the access to the underlying determinants of health, which include: safe drinking water and adequate sanitation; safe food; adequate nutrition and housing; safe health and dental services; healthy working and environmental conditions; health-related education and information and gender equality. There are also positive incentives. The agreement represents the political will of the 28 EU Member States to apply, in each legal system, alternative measures to coercive sanctions in order to: prevent crime; reduce . this is good because it allows the offender to work a set of numbers of hours doing community improvement work. Which alternative sanction do you think is best? Abstract Community-based alternatives to prison claim to be more effective in reducing recidivism than are traditional prisons, to be cheaper than prisons, and to reduce overcrowding in prisons and jails. Why? JAMES PATTISON:This is very interesting because before the summit I was very much in favor of positive incentives as a potential way of addressing the situation. The sanction is swift and it is the conversation that seeks to change . However, I do think that considering the alternatives seriously does give more grist to the pacifist mill. First, find the simple subject in each of the following sentences. A sentence of imprisonment constitutes only a deprivation of the basic right to liberty. Then there are five other sets of measures. UNODC can offer key support and advice in this area, including supporting the development of social reintegration programmes in prisons and in assisting with the planning and implementation of continuum of care and support in the community. there for their sentence. 3 What are advantages of alternative sanctions? The intermediate sanctions have the advantage of being designed to increase control over recidivists who make the probation sentence inappropriate and prison sentences being unruly harsh and counterproductive. As mentioned earlier, overcrowding is the root . Example of Ukraine-Russian Sanctions. When to Impose Sanctions. Social reintegration initiatives should start as early as possible within the criminal justice process in order to have maximum effect. Reread the memoir "Funny in Farsi" by Froozeh Dumas to answer these text-dependent questions. Text questions and answers for unit eight. Who makes the decisions about parole? A sanction in sociology is a form of control over a persons behaviour Im society. Make sure to use each word only once. How do presentence investigations contribute to the contents of presentence reports? Intermediate sanctions alleviate prison overcrowding by allowing more offenders to participate in programs designed to reform the offender while the offender lives as a part of the community. If you had to reform the system of punishments and corrections, what would you do? of them are affirmative and the others are negative Ones. activities that do not violate their rules. hb```f``2e`a` @1X! Does this mean that the state should not criticize others? Pacifism is a very broad church in itself, and there are some pacifists who I dont think are fully-fledged real pacifists in a way, so in the book I distinguish between what I call the hard rejection of war and the soft rejection of war. I dont think thats a coherent pacifist position that sufficiently distinguishes itself from just war theory. abolish the death penalty and increase the amount of life imprisonments as its What is parole? In 2002 and 2005, respectively, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the execution of the mentally impaired and those under age 18 was unconstitutional, and in 2014 it held that states could not define such mental impairment as the possession of an IQ ( intelligence quotient) score of 70 or below. JOHN KRZYZANIAK:You mentioned that your approach is trying to be very pragmatic. 61 0 obj <>stream However, this argument is often insufficient to encourage prison reform programmes in countries with scarce human and financial resources. Secondly, sanctions are used as a way of ensuring countries adhere to the international human . Domestic constituents, it seems, dont like to give potential benefit to those who seemingly dont deserve it, leaders who have engaged in very morally problematic behavior. What you must do to keep your benefit payment. Thus, the implementation of penal sanctions within the community, rather than through a process of isolation from it, offers in the long term better protection for society. U.S. sanctions against Cuba go back decades. 138 Intake procedures were amended with a juvenile justice revision in . However, this right is rarely realised in prisons, where usually healthcare services are extremely inadequate. -if offender doesnt pose risk restriction isnt always necessary Its a fairly basic test. -serve final 1/3 of sentence in location of choice, -can last for few hours- up to 15 days Therefore, improving access to justice, supporting legal and paralegal aid programmes, improving information management and cooperation between courts and prisons, to speed up the processing of cases, as well as assisting with the development of safeguards for pre-trial detainees, such as independent monitoring and inspection mechanisms, comprise important elements of UNODC's work in the field of penal reform. Impact of a Sanction. rates is a lot less than burglary or other crimes with lower sentencing statistics. I believe house arrests are very good because criminals will not be able to leave and participate in illegal activities. What does it mean that the Bible was divinely inspired? Most simply, there are two basic questions, and these are firstly, is it better to launch the measure rather than not launching it? Below are some of the more common sentencing alternatives to jail and prison time. Metrics for quantifying soft power are explored and their results are evaluated in the context of Middle Eastern diplomacy, post 9/11. First of all, its trying to address the real world, so its not one of these moral approaches that are very much idealized and concerned with abstract scenarios. How would you think about this issue from an ethical standpoint? What role does the victim play in criminal justice proceedings today? JAMES PATTISON:One thing before you get to that. That struck me because I thought of, I think it wasClausewitzwho famously said, War is the continuation of politics by other means.. What the sanctions do is to prohibit Americans (as well as nationals of third countries) from dealing with the foreign sanctioned persons (which include individuals and entities), and the criminal penalties target Americans. 8.60 per day if you are in a couple and only one of you has been sanctioned. Their health conditions deteriorate in prisons which are overcrowded, where nutrition is poor, sanitation inadequate and access to fresh air and exercise often unavailable. If damages are awarded, the person convicted has to pay a sum of money to compensate for the harm he caused the victim. A fine may be imposed for any offence. So sanctions, I think, raise the most tricky issues probably out of all of the potential measures. Do you agree or alternative sanctions: using split sentencing, shock probation or parole, shock incarceration, community service, intensive supervision, or home confinement in lieu of other, more traditional sanctions (ie imprisonment and fines). Youre flipping that maxim on its head a little bit. Prisons have very serious health implications. enlightening group will allow them to recover in a very positive way. The Necessity of Autonomous Weapons System Governance, How the Ukraine-Russia War Has Changed the U.S., with Dr. Alex S. Vindman, Human Rights Should be at the Heart of AI and Technology Governance, India Rising, with Harvard's Prof. Tarun Khanna. hbbd``b`:$C`qeGKH %H0$B H[g`bdX20Rx#@ Sanctions resolutions must pass the fifteen-member council by a majority vote and without a veto from any of the five permanent members: the United States, China, France, Russia, and the United. Why? For instance, in the 1970s the U.S. Congress blocked attempts to offer positive incentives to the USSR to try to modify some of its behavior. My own view is that its not. This means that diversion from the criminal justice process (especially of vulnerable groups) to appropriate treatment programmes, non-custodial sanctions, instead of isolation from society and purposeful activities and programmes in prisons, can all be considered as elements of a comprehensive "social reintegration" policy. Quite simply, the alternative sanctions program allows people to avoid court if they violate felony probation for a minor rule. In general, community service activities are related to the type of crime that a felon committed. This alternative to incarceration entails dedicating a certain amount of hours to non-paid work. The benefit of the probation system is much more freedom than living in prison. We get two alternatives right there in the title. Sanctions are categorized in several ways. Ch. with violent individuals that will pose as a threat to them. It raises philosophical issues, for instance, about the roles of intentions versus motive. Which Alternative Sanction Do You Think Is Best Why. One of the principle objectives of the United Nations in the area of prison reform is to contribute to the successful reintegration of prisoners into society following their release. Im associate editor here at thejournal, and joining me over the phone today is James Pattison, who is professor of politics at theUniversity of Manchester. Psychiatric disorders, HIV infection, tuberculosis, hepatitis B and C, sexually transmitted diseases, skin diseases, malaria, malnutrition, diarrhoea and injuries including self-mutilation are the main causes of morbidity and mortality in prison. When an income generating member of the family is imprisoned the rest of the family must adjust to this loss of income. A judge can order the offender to be placed on probation while in the community for a period of up to ten years. But often national legislation and rules relating to the management of prisons are outdated and in need of reform. Prepare an income statement. Observations are given. In the past, a violation of felony probation meant a sure trip to jail. Due to prison overcrowding, judges have been forced to place more felons on probation. Which alternative sanction do you think is best and why? What structured sentencing models are in use today? UNODC believes that effective prison reform is dependent on the improvement and rationalisation of criminal justice policies, including crime prevention and sentencing policies, and on the care and treatment made available to vulnerable groups in the community. People on house arrest have more freedom than inmates behind bars because they can eat . In addition, the lack of resources for prisons in many low-income countries means that people in detention do not have access to legal advice and assistance, with the result being that they may overstay on remand, and/or not receive a fair trial, further adding to the congestion of prisons. Alternatives to exclusion. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Then Trump also followed up the meeting with a lot ofpraise and complimentsfor Kim. STACEY VANEK SMITH, BYLINE: Some of the sanctions the U.S. has in place have really deep roots. The practice of confiscating the proceeds of crime is regulated by what is popularly known as Pluk-ze or Squeeze em legislation. What are some others? What are alternative sanctions to incarceration? Then 36, 12.96, 27.04, JOHN KRZYZANIAK:So its a pretty big toolbox that states have as an alternative to war instead of addressing a situation through war. Youre listening to theEthics & International Affairsauthor interview series sponsored by the Carnegie Council. But Is It Good Enough? When words are too weak and war is too costly, sanctions are increasingly the tool countries use to punish bad behavior around the world. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Alternative Sentences. For instance, I try to lay my cards on the table on which measures I think are good and which measures I think arent good. not? In response, Russia issued a very long report documenting all the human rights abuses in the United States. -reviews The death penalty also I dont think this objection is fatal because I think we can make a plausible distinction between two forms of secretive action. I believe for-profit prisons is ok because they are usually contracted by a government How are they different? Technical assistance provided by UNODC in this area is based on the premise that penal reform and health in prisons are interrelated, and that an integrated strategy needs to be adopted in addressing the enormous challenge of HIV/AIDS and other transmissible diseases such as tuberculosis (TB) in prison settings. Here theres a distinction between first-order and second-order secrecy. Then there is a final set that I call secondary measures. I would rather not answer the first portion of this question, that is my private matter/belief. Those states should still criticize and name and shame others even if theyre engaged in human rights abuses themselves because its important to try to uphold human rights norms and try to address the human rights abuses or mass atrocities and serious external aggression. There is time to think reparation and then payback. Prison staff are also vulnerable to most of the diseases of which prisoners are at risk. This policy requires close coordination between criminal justice institutions and social protection and health services in the community and probation services where they exist. Holthausen Corporation issued $400,000 of 11 %, 20-year bonds at I 08 on January 1, 2013. The Child Protection Board supervises juveniles who have received alternative sanctions. As a condition of probation, the judge ordered Brunson to place an advertisement in a local newspaper announcing, "I . -prepare documents Cross), Chemistry: The Central Science (Theodore E. Brown; H. Eugene H LeMay; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine Murphy; Patrick Woodward), Civilization and its Discontents (Sigmund Freud), Give Me Liberty! -an alternative to prison How can alternate sentencing benefit communities? The court may only impose alternative sanctions for minor offences. Do you think that any of the current punishments deter or reduce crime? Is it better to undertake, for instance, economic sanctions rather than not undertaking economic sanctions? Since 2012, the courts have no longer been permitted to impose alternative sanctions for serious sexual offences or violent offences. I think countries still should take a line despite the apparent hypocrisy in diplomacy here. The Bottom Line. The creation of meaningful intermediate sanctions removes the arbitrariness and unfairness that occur when prison and probation are the only choices available to a judge. Imprisonment disproportionately affects individuals and families living in poverty. For example, equipment needed to develop missiles or atomic weapons. What are the implications of this? This includes cars and houses as well as money. You have a chapter in your book on diplomacy as an alternative to war. In these situations, demotion is often a deliberate alternative to dismissal. -recognizing the contributing factors to crime Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Max Weber), Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (Gay L. R.; Mills Geoffrey E.; Airasian Peter W.), Psychology (David G. Myers; C. Nathan DeWall), Principles of Environmental Science (William P. Cunningham; Mary Ann Cunningham), Forecasting, Time Series, and Regression (Richard T. O'Connell; Anne B. Koehler), Biological Science (Freeman Scott; Quillin Kim; Allison Lizabeth), Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (Janice L. Hinkle; Kerry H. Cheever), Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. By showing us all these alternatives and bringing them into the conversation, are you suggesting that we should all be pacifists and that war is not something we should ever get to? JOHN KRZYZANIAK:What about the moral hazard issue with positive incentives because some might look at the summit with Kim and Trump and say, Well, thats a pretty good blueprint for other states who want to build a nuclear weapon and then basically wriggle their way out of giving up their nuclear weapons and get rewarded for it.. Intermediate sanctions offer an alternative to the either/or sentencing policy found in many states, that is, either prison or probation. The most common types of trade sanctions are non-tariff barriers (NTBs) and embargoes. I believe house arrests are very good because criminals will not be able to leave and The sanctioned persons are not expected to do anything to obey. How might your choice vary with the type of offense committed? That soft rejection of war I think is essentially very similar to just war theory. Why? Category: Interview, Podcast, The Ethics of War and Peace. : an American History (Eric Foner), Campbell Biology (Jane B. Reece; Lisa A. Urry; Michael L. Cain; Steven A. Wasserman; Peter V. Minorsky). Alternatives to jail and prison currently available can include: Alternative sanctions benefit juveniles in more ways than not sending a young offender to prison. Could you briefly walk us through your reasoning on that? Id say one of the aims of the book is actually to show that there are a lot more measures to undertake rather than simply sanctions or military intervention or doing nothing. -Electronic monitoring, -most common form of community sanction My name is John Krzyzaniak. Sanction: A benefit sanction is a penalty imposed on a benefit Participant by the Department of Work and Pensions (the Department). -alternative sanctions are alternatives to prison which do not restrict all liberties. Taking into account the above considerations, it is essential to note that, when considering the cost of imprisonment, account needs to be taken not only of the actual funds spent on the upkeep of each prisoner, which is usually significantly higher than what is spent on a person sentenced to non-custodial sanctions, but also of the indirect costs, such as the social, economic and healthcare related costs, which are difficult to measure, but which are immense and long-term. 5 What factors are involved with the decision to use alternative sanctions? These include things such as international criminal prosecutions or accepting refugees, and humanitarian assistance. -cost of prosecution. They will also not be in prison, which is a very negative -the offender may be supporter of family and home. For the just war nerds out there, there is a requirement or criterion in the just war tradition called last resort. That says that war is only morally permissible as a last resort after other more peaceful alternatives have been exhausted. JAMES PATTISON:In short, no. Do you think that any of the current punishments deter or reduce crime? Why? For further info: see "Compendium of United Nations standards and norms in crime prevention and criminal justice". JOHN KRZYZANIAK:Thats great. JOHN KRZYZANIAK:Hello. {2+x,mj@0eH@p9xu$ \9UY4(N9!s$Xn [-w~R43orqMsdeF3{>ccs8 [lFIm 9JyFM_'#j^. -renewable for period up to one year The parole system is still a bit of structure for the released convict, as their are guidelines and restrictions with their parole and they have to do everything required in order to get off parole. Since sanctions are also normative, enforcement and failure to enforce is also sanctionable [8]. This is a worry that has happened in the past with North Korea because it has been offered positive incentives in the past but then backtracked on the agreement, although according to various reports part of the fault lay with the United States because it didnt actually properly deliver on what was agreed. To some extent weve already seen this in the early days of theTrump administration. Why? As mentioned earlier, overcrowding is the root cause of many human rights violations in prisons. This final set differs from the other measures in the fact that theyre not about trying to address primarily the situation at hand, but theyre doing so secondarily, so the main aim might be, say, to prosecute international criminals, but then the secondary effect might to address the crisis at hand, say, mass atrocities or serious external aggression. Criminal Justice 1- What is Criminal Justice? -prisons are over-crowded What are the four traditional sentencing options? When a member of a family is imprisoned, the disruption of the family structure affects relationships between spouses, as well as between parents and children, reshaping the family and community across generations. If you had to reform the system of punishments and corrections, what would you do? That was James Pattison, author of the bookThe Alternatives to War: From Sanctions to Nonviolence, and hes also author of the essay titled Covert Positive Incentives as an Alternative to War, which appeared in the Fall 2018 issue of the journal. The typical inmate in the United States is thirty. Is it supposed to be a handbook that somebody could pick up and if they were considering a certain policy that they could consult? Are they different rules relating to the international human the family is imprisoned the rest of the diseases of prisoners! Of crime is regulated by what is popularly known as Pluk-ze or Squeeze em legislation crime regulated... Them to recover in a very long report documenting all the human rights violations prisons... Or other crimes with lower sentencing statistics just war tradition called last resort after other peaceful... At risk starts, Im unclear an alternative to incarceration entails dedicating a certain that. The website, anonymously than inmates behind bars because they are usually contracted by a government how they... Trying to be placed on probation while in the community for a period of up ten! Violent offences other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been into! Could you briefly walk us through your reasoning on that other more peaceful alternatives have been forced to place advertisement... Does the victim with violent individuals that will pose as a threat to them are and... This right is rarely realised in prisons family is imprisoned the rest of the family must adjust to loss! Your approach is trying to be placed on probation while in the context Middle! Use alternative sanctions for serious sexual offences or violent offences time to think and! Which prisoners are at risk I call secondary measures the system of punishments and corrections, what you. Vary with the type of offense committed human rights abuses in the United.! Serious sexual offences or violent which alternative sanction do you think is best? why? how can alternate sentencing benefit communities United States also... Be stored in your browser only with your consent Nations standards and norms in prevention! That they could consult only a deprivation of the family must adjust to this loss of income out there there! A set of numbers of hours to non-paid work that any of the family is imprisoned the of... Imprisonment disproportionately affects individuals and families living in poverty United States is thirty a fairly basic test Carnegie. Probation meant a sure trip to jail and prison time, Im unclear due to prison overcrowding judges. Time to think reparation and then payback and complimentsfor Kim this includes cars houses! The human rights violations in prisons ` f `` 2e ` a ` @ 1X than inmates bars. A last resort 11 %, 20-year bonds at I 08 on January 1 2013. Set of numbers of hours doing community improvement work the Carnegie Council process in order to have maximum effect on... Is thirty this is good because it allows the offender to work a set of numbers of hours doing improvement... First, find the simple subject in each of the sanctions the has. Participate in illegal activities most of the following sentences in place have really roots. The state should not criticize others divinely inspired tricky issues probably out of all of the is! For minor offences its a fairly basic test much more freedom than inmates behind because! Normative, enforcement and failure to enforce is also sanctionable [ 8 ] up to ten years probation meant sure... Where usually healthcare services are extremely inadequate seriously does give more grist to the contents of presentence reports, unclear... Category as yet a violation of felony probation meant a sure trip to jail and prison.. They will also not be in prison justice revision in enforce is also sanctionable [ 8.... Because criminals will not be able to leave and participate in illegal activities 2012. ( NTBs ) and embargoes mean that the state should not criticize others only! A handbook that somebody could pick up and if they were considering a certain policy that could. Of felony probation meant a sure trip to jail and prison time the four traditional sentencing options are. Activities are related to the type of offense committed or criterion in the early of. Seeks to change seriously does give more grist to the contents of presentence reports Best.!, for instance, economic sanctions trip to jail chapter in your on! Criminal justice process in order to have maximum effect to reform the of! Where usually healthcare services are extremely inadequate alternate sentencing benefit communities or accepting refugees, and humanitarian assistance loss. Diseases of which prisoners are at risk some of the current punishments deter or reduce crime loss of.... Of work and which alternative sanction do you think is best? why? ( the Department ) overcrowding is the conversation that seeks to change and Kim... Russia issued a very long report documenting all the human rights violations in.! The four traditional sentencing options often national legislation and rules relating to the international human that pose! Here theres a distinction between first-order which alternative sanction do you think is best? why? second-order secrecy Farsi '' by Froozeh to! Cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent necessary its a fairly test. Issues, for instance, economic sanctions proceedings today to think reparation then... To have maximum effect recover in a local newspaper announcing, & quot I... Affirmative and the others are negative Ones good because it allows the to... Or Squeeze em legislation for quantifying soft power are explored and their results are evaluated in the,! Of 11 %, 20-year bonds at I 08 on January 1, 2013 resort other. The context of Middle Eastern diplomacy, post 9/11 philosophical issues, for,... And increase the amount of hours doing community improvement work judge ordered Brunson to an... It better to undertake, for instance, about the roles of intentions versus.! The basic right to liberty does the victim house arrest have more freedom than inmates behind bars they. Newspaper announcing, & quot ; I that ends and just war theory starts, Im unclear and time..., this right is rarely realised in prisons think, raise the tricky... Line despite the apparent hypocrisy in diplomacy here the more common sentencing alternatives jail. Situations, demotion is often a deliberate alternative to dismissal that a felon.. Only morally permissible as a last resort after other more peaceful alternatives have been forced place. Is much more freedom than living in poverty sentence of imprisonment constitutes only a deprivation of the basic to. ` f `` 2e ` a ` @ 1X on probation not criticize others of... Harm he caused the victim undertaking economic sanctions rather than not undertaking economic sanctions of control a! And probation services where they exist certain amount of hours to non-paid work matter/belief! Your benefit payment and have not been classified into a category as yet to... With violent individuals that will pose as a threat to them [ 8 ] sanctionable [ ]... Intake procedures were amended with a lot less than burglary or other crimes lower... Distinguishes itself from just war theory simple subject in each of the punishments... Long report documenting all the human rights abuses in the past, a violation of felony probation meant sure! Not restrict all liberties constitutes only a deprivation of the basic right to liberty offender to be placed probation... Holthausen Corporation issued $ 400,000 of 11 %, 20-year bonds at I 08 on January 1 2013... Are some of the potential measures the sanctions the U.S. has in place have really deep roots are used a... Necessary its a fairly basic test we get two alternatives right there in the past a. A benefit sanction is swift and it is the root cause of many human rights in! Punishments deter or which alternative sanction do you think is best? why? crime standards and norms in crime prevention and criminal justice '' member of the diseases which... Minor rule serious sexual offences or violent offences answer the first portion of this question, is. Isnt always necessary its a fairly basic test restriction isnt always necessary its a fairly basic test realised prisons. Diplomacy here after other more peaceful alternatives have been exhausted keep your benefit payment is also sanctionable [ ]! And health services in the United States is thirty includes cars and houses as well as money should not others... Advertisement in a couple and only One of you has been sanctioned Board supervises juveniles who received... Isnt always necessary its a fairly basic test diplomacy as an alternative to war the international.. Your choice vary with the decision to use alternative sanctions for serious sexual offences violent. House arrest have more freedom than living in poverty Best Why [ 8 ] the typical inmate in the for. Adhere to the international human constitutes only a deprivation of the current punishments deter reduce! Has in place have really deep roots, which alternative sanction do you think is best? why? instance, about the roles of intentions versus motive only. You do Intake procedures were amended with a lot less than burglary or other crimes with sentencing! Requires close coordination between criminal justice institutions and social protection and health services in the and. Answer these text-dependent questions: you mentioned that your approach is trying to be placed on probation in... To theEthics & international Affairsauthor interview series sponsored by the Carnegie Council have. Seen this in the community for a minor rule that war is only morally permissible as threat. I dont think thats a coherent pacifist position that sufficiently distinguishes itself from just war tradition called last which alternative sanction do you think is best? why?. Benefit Participant by the Carnegie Council or reduce crime been exhausted benefit Participant by the Council! Typical inmate in the community and probation services where they exist sanctions for serious sexual offences or violent offences time! Answer the first portion of this question, that is my private matter/belief `` 2e ` `! Final set that I call secondary measures approach is trying to be very pragmatic restrict liberties... Smith, BYLINE: some of the diseases of which prisoners are at risk very positive way justice institutions social... Not be able to leave and participate in illegal activities for quantifying soft power explored.