<> The rock is composed entirely of glass. How looks an impact crater that was produced by an oblique impact? Although the rift zone appears almost flat in the image, the topography of this area is more like the Grand Canyon of . Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Where do you find the thickest ejecta?, How do you think the crater rim formed?, Where would you find most of the younger material? These are impact craters, each of which was formed when an asteroid or comet collided with the Moon's surface. 5) Ma'adim Vallis is the channel in the southeast part of the photograph, marked D. What processes do you think formed Ma'adim Vallis? Where were really going to get the answers the gold standards of answers is when we go back to the moon, Kring said. At that time, however, the physics of impact cratering implying shock physics was not yet understood. b.The process that I think formed apollinaris patera is Volcanism, this is because of its characteristics, such as the radial flow patterns, and basal scarp, a craters, large flow trending to the south, and the less complex caldera.. c.The process that I think formed Reuyl crater, is an Impact, the reason for this is by the ejecta pattern and central peak. Wow, that's massive. Mars has some of the largest volcanoes in the solar system, including Olympus Mons, a massive volcano many times larger than the Island of Hawaii. The same geologic processes that shape Earth, i.e., erosion, impact cratering, tectonism, and volcanism, have left their mark on Mars. Based on the number and morphology of craters, is this a relatively old or young region of Mars? Impact basins are very large impact structures that are more than 300 kilometers (185 miles) in diameter. Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars would have formed last, when the Sun was far calmer. 3 strongly resemble meteorite impact craters exhibiting a central uplift like the Tycho impact crater on Earths moon (Fig. Justify your answer. Once these two characteristics have been identified, the Igneous Rock Identification chart can be used to help identify the rock name. Both are black in color, and is composed of carbon. Stresses can be caused by subsurface uplift or by the addition of mass (such as lava flows) that weigh down an area. <> Fig. Schistose foliation is composed of larger minerals that are visible to the unaided eye. 18. Hailstone craters. Whereas volcanic craters arise from deep inside the planet, impact craters originate in outer space. The origins of Uluru (and Kata Tjuta) date back about 500 million years, to around the same time the Australian continent was formed. The shock wave fractures the rock and excavates a large cavity (much larger than the impactor). <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 17 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>> Tenoumer Crater. 23. But the environmental effects of impact crater formation go far beyond forming benign basins. | Craters come in two flavors: those that arent caused by asteroids or comets, impact craters, are formed by powerful volcanic explosions. Large impact basins are also found on other planets, including Mars and Mercury. Determine and record the diameter of Apollinaris Patera? What would happen if a loosely bound impactor such s this were to strike Earth? But Earth has several things the moon doesnt an atmosphere and liquid water that cause erosion. This planar character can be flat like a piece of slate or folded. If the projectile . Obsidian is volcanic glass which erupts as a lava flow. When first we see images of the famous one-kilometer (0.75-mile) bowl-shaped Barringer meteorite crater in Arizona (Fig. 14 0 obj Media Policy The GIF below shows the formation sequence of the model (a YouTube . Driven by the hypervelocity impact deformation, melted and fractured rocks will be accelerated behind the shock front initiating in the second stage the excavation mass flow. This icy bedrock is potentially unstable, and some impact craters may relax or fade away to unrecognition due to water ice's volatility and weak but strongly temperature dependent rheology. endobj Reuyl is a crater in the Aeolis quadrangle of Mars, located at 9.8 south latitude and 193.2 west longitude. The large circular dark areas in the image are impact basins, created as huge impactors struck the Moon. Therefore, older surfaces have more impact craters. Similar to some river systems on Earth, these Martian channels have a branching pattern. Planet Earth holds some of the strangest, natural tourist . % A crater is a bowl-shaped depression, or hollowed-out area, produced by the impact of a meteorite, volcanic activity, or an explosion. <> During the excavation phase, the massive shock wave causes the projectile to simultaneously melt and vaporize, spewing plumes of searing hot rock vapor miles high into the atmosphere. Tycho meteorite crater on the Moon. HYPERLINK "../Honors227/Images/10_5.jpg"Figure 5. During an impact, buried material is ejected while outward pressure pushes the rock at the crater's edge upward, forming a rim. Therefore, a simplified system is used based on texture and composition. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. The three stages of impact crater formation. An extensive blanket of ejecta covers the area around the rim. <> The darker material is quartz sand, combined with a small amount of cornmeal to produce a minor amount of cohesion between sand grains. xTO@~^^g!$(01D=l{t For very large impact craters, the excavation and modification stages are not as discrete as previously written. 2) we may think it somehow formed from an identical mechanism. The rule of thumb holds roughly true also for small-scale hypervelocity impact craters produced in the laboratory (Fig. Mercury and the Moon are covered with impact craters; their surfaces are very old. Limestone may or may not contain fossils. A good example is the mineral plagioclase. If windstreaks are dust deposits formed downwind from the craters, what wind direction is indicated here? The legend is shown at the bottom with different units or features present within the crater. . It was named after British astronomer Axel Firsoff, and the name was approved in 2010.. Parts of the crater display many layers, as do some of the other craters in the region. Further identification of non-foliated rocks is dependent on the composition of the minerals or components in the rock. How big, e.g. The larger size gives the foliation a slighly shiny appearance. Image courtesy of V. L. Sharpton through the Lunar and Planetary Institute. On Earth, impact craters are harder to recognize because of weathering and erosion of its surface. Fragments of the Canyon Diablo meteorite were found inside the crater. Simple craters are small bowl-shaped, smooth-walled craters (the maximum size limit depends on the planet). Name _____ COSMORPHOLOGY - May 2009 Geologic landforms Purpose: By studying aerial photographs you will learn to identify different kinds of geologic features based on their different morphologies and learn the processes involved in their formation. Source: https://news.discovery.com/earth/how-are-craters-formed.html, Center for Planetary Exploration (CPEx) Opens at Stony Brook University. The monument contains 55 cones with lava flows and 14 fissures, many of which have spatter cones. Through a combination of these principles, the relative ages of geologic features can be determined, and a sequence of geologic events developed. These crater chains are formed when a comet, normally torn apart by tides, has many of its fragments collide into the planet or moon at nearly the same time. The structure of the transient crater is widely preserved, and we are left with a simple or bowl-shaped impact crater (Fig. In fact, the differences between craters provide a lot of information about how the craters formed, when they formed, and why. | Coal is usually obvious to most students even though few people seem to have ever actually examined it up close. "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature | Reuyl", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reuyl_(crater)&oldid=998864518, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 7 January 2021, at 10:50. The result is a "bubbly" appearance. 20. In this way, all rock particles behind the expanding shock front are captured by both the compressive shock and the tensile rarefaction, and both combine into a vector of acceleration. This will result in the formation of central uplifts and ring systems, and we may now refer to these as central-uplift or central-peak craters, peak-ring craters or multi-ring craters establishing the group of so-called complex impact craters or complex impact structures (Fig. T U ; = B } ~ x z h_X B* CJ ph h_X B* ph 11. In an introductory level lab it is impossible for us to determine these two aspects of a mineral. %PDF-1.5 Mercury has lots of craters, yet Venus has very few craters, due to its dense atmosphere (containing lots of 'heavy' gases), meaning that many meteorites burn up due to friction in the . Justify your answer. Sediment is deposited in a number of environments of deposition, by both moving air and moving water. Computations suggest craters that were formed by a low-density projectile are flatter and have distinctly larger diameter ratios (compared to the above-mentioned one-to-ten ratio of projectile and crater diameter). The prevailing theory supported by the scientific community, the giant impact hypothesis suggests that the moon formed when an object smashed into early Earth. Porphyritic texture is composed of crystals of two different sizes. (a) Geomorphic map of Reuyl crater. * Definitions simplified or modified from Bates, R.L. Southern cratered highlands. All four geologic processes can act to shape a planetary landscape. Moon craters are formed by volcanism and cratering. Image credit: NASA. 13 0 obj But no matter at what angle it makes contact, the enormous amount of kinetic energy the projectile carries immediately transfers to the target rock it hits, triggering powerful shock waves. Igneous rocks can be identified by the determination of the composition and texture of the rock. 7. Consult your lab manual for detailed discussion. On propagating roughly hemispherically into the underground target rocks, shock wave energy diminishes and so does pressure and temperature. This article about an extraterrestrial geological feature is a stub. As lower levels of the lava start to cool, they are also pulled . A mystery concerning water on Mars is "Where did it go?" A geologic process. As on the Moon, Mercury, Venus, and most of the outer planet satellites, impact craters are found on the surface of Mars. This can be easily confused with a crystal face and is the most difficult properties for students to master.ColorVisible light spectrum radiation reflected from a mineral.Look at the sample and determine its color - white, black, green, clear, etc.Crystal FormGeometric shape of a crystal or mineral.Examine and describe the geometric shape of the mineral - cubic, hexagonal, etc. <> On relieving of pressure, there is an elastic rebound at the crater floor now hosting a layer of brecciated rocks. Like snow accumulation on Earth, Martian dust can become so thick that it eventually slides down the . Lastly, pyroclastic texture is composed of volcanic fragments. Look for areas where the light reflects from planar surfaces. Marble is composed of calcite and will readily react to a small drop of HCl. Typically, materials from space hit Earth at about 20 kilometers (slightly more than 12 miles) per second. 20. Dual crater at the bottom of Lake Chiemsee, Bavaria (Germany) that very probably formed in the large Holocene Chiemgau impact event. Pretty much any tiny dent made on the Moon's surface is going to stay there. It is the oldest and largest impact crater recognized on Earth's surface. 8. The first is called erosion. Determination of the actual chemical composition and crytalline structure of a mineral is difficult without the proper equipment. Procedures and Questions: Part 2 Ius Chasma is part of the western end of Valles Marineris, the largest Martian canyon. January 2014; Explain their similarities and their differences. 7. 4. Give evidence for your answer. Space shuttle image STS51I-33-56AA, courtesy of the Lunar and Planetary Institute. e. While many minerals share common physical properties, when all of a mineral's physical properties are examined, it often results in a unique set of physical properties which can be used to identify the mineral. What happens to the transient crater? These fragments or clasts can be very fine (ash) or coarse (lapilli) or very coarse (bombs and blocks). Sometimes lots of particles strike at one time, creating meteor showers. Slaty cleavage is composed of platy minerals that are too small to see. In the case of small transient craters, modifications are moderate. The Vredefort impact crater, about 100 kilometers (60 miles) from Johannesburg, South Africa, was formed just a little over 2 billion years ago. Fig. So far we have considered the impact of a solid object like a stony or iron meteorite. And again, one might suspect a process similar to rock tossed into mud. 14. Statistically, impact trajectories most abundantly form an oblique 45 angle with the target surface. Note the remarkable difference to the crater-projectile ratio in Fig. On impact of a cosmic body, shock waves start from the contact point and propagate into both the underground target rocks and into the impactor. Intermediate compositions have an intermediate color, often gray or consisting of equal parts of dark and light mineral. Chapter. Procedures and Lab Questions to be Turned In: Part 1 Olympus Mons is a shield volcano 600 km in diameter, towering 25 km above the surrounding plain. -Un+iJiO&Jsg/kO(*g!FcyvOC&t+3I*cm_5{`7=!MhW&A\8(}HOf%_Pp)G)d:owWt..L Metamorphic Rock Identification ChartTEXTUREFOLIATIONCOMPOSITIONTYPEPARENT ROCKROCK NAMEFoliatedslatymicaRegionalMudstoneSlatephylliticquartz, mica, chloriteRegionalMudstonePhylliteschistosemica, quartzRegionalSlateSchistschistoseamphibole, plagioclaseRegionalBasalt or GabbroAmphibolitegneissic bandingfeldspar, mica, quartzRegionalSchistGneissNon-FoliatedcarbonContact or RegionalBituminous CoalAnthracite Coalquartz, rock fragmentsContact or RegionalConglomerateMetaconglomeratecalciteContact or RegionalLimestoneMarblequartzContact or RegionalSandstoneQuartzite Mars Surface Introduction In many ways Mars is similar to Earth. A comparable process is observed with the peculiar shock-deformed Buntsandstein conglomerates in Spain and is in more detail explainedHERE. Justify your answer. Around its base is a steep cliff as high as 6 km. Multi-ring basin Mona Lisa on Venus. Examine the caldera (labeled A) and describe its shape. Fig. endobj Determine and record the diameter of the caldera structure (include the over all caldera structure in this measurement). 5. Planetary scientists have established from lunar samples returned by Apollo missions that the rate of large asteroid impacts on the Moon was very high after the Moon formed 4.5 billion years ago and then declined rapidly between 3.8 billion and 3.5 billion years ago. There will be another Chicxulub-size impact event, he said. How does the mass of the projectile affect the cratering process? This crater is believed to have formed when an asteroid struck Earth 65 million years ago. Igneous Rock Identification ChartCOMPOSITION \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ TEXTURE\\\\\\\FelsicIntermediateMaficUltramaficPegmatiticGranite PegmatiteDiorite PegmatiteGabbro PegmatitePhaneriticGraniteDioriteGabbroDuniteAphaniticRhyoliteAndesiteBasaltPorphyriticRhyoliteAndesiteBasaltGlassyObsidianBasaltic GlassVesicularPumiceScoriaPyroclasticVolcanic Tuff Composition of igneous rocks is properly identified by determination of the rocks chemical composition. Valley systems cut through many of the cratered terrains of Mars and have characteristics analogous to water-cut valleys on Earth. Large crustal blocks were merging together to create the . (b) Contour map derived from the MOLA 463m/pixel DTM, with the . Fig. Early in the formation of our solar system (before 3.9 billion years ago) there was lots of large debris striking the surfaces of the young planets and moons; these older impact basins are larger than the more recent craters. Measure and record the width of the Ius Chasma. Justify your answer. The keys to this definition are the chemical composition and the crystalline structure. in Reuyl crater located along the dichotomy boundary (west of Apollinaris Mons ). A compressive shock pulse is not only reflected at the free target surface but also always when it impinges on a boundary of material with reduced impedance (equivalent to the product of density and sound velocity) where part of the energy is reflected as a rarefaction pulse. The composition of clastic sedimentary rocks is divided into three types - clay/silt, sand and gravel. What process do you think formed Reuyl crater (marked B on Figure 5)? And although these are abundant on the . The force of the impacts create circular structures with raised rimmed wall; spatters of mud and smaller circular secondary craters may be seen (Fig. For the roughly 200 established terrestrial impact structures neither a comet nor a rubble pile asteroid could definitely be shown to have been the impactor. Spreading outwards from the point of contact, compressive shock waves are permanently reflected from the free target surface as tensile rarefaction waves of comparable intensities and, like the shock waves, are propagated downwards. This was obviously not the case, and so most of the Moon craters could not be meteoritic. Sinuous Ridge Materials in Reuyl Crater. [Hint: use the principle of cross-cutting relations to justify your answer.] What process do you think formed Reuyl crater (marked B on Figure 11)? These are fragments or pieces of rock or minerals. Reuyl Crater Central Peak, as seen by HiRISE. Anthracite coal is generally shiny in appearance and breaks with a conchoidal fracture (broken glass also shows this type of fracture). 9 0 obj | Students, staff, and faculty at Stony Brook University are hard at work gathering data on the history of Mars. Kaali Crater Field. Few, if any, crystals will be visible. Posted by: Soderman/NLSI Staff 6). The two most notable are obsidian and dunite. How the atoms and molecules are arranged and the strength of the bonding between the atoms result in different physical properties for different minerals. Explain why you believe the way you do. In either case, the conditions of a hypervelocity impact and propagation of shock waves are crucial for the formation of these geologically extraordinary structures. Astronomy Gift Shop: http://www.astronomydvd.com/shop.aspx How were the Moon's craters and maria formed? Learn how these processes work and how they formed more than 300.000 craters on the Moon. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> The four major geologic processes (gradation, impact cratering, tectonism, and volcanism) each produce distinct landforms. These are not commonly tested for in an introductory lab. Image credit: NASA. The impactor is shattered into small pieces and may melt or vaporize. As mentioned above, the composition of most igneous rocks can be identified using this system, formally known as the Color Index. An experimental hypervelocity impact in the laboratory (click the respective article) recorded with a high speed camera may be seen by clicking on the image: The term impact structure is often used synonymous with impact crater. It is true meteorites crashing as stones from the sky at free-fall velocity may in fact produce small craters in the ground similar to mud and hailstone craters. What geologic process do you think formed Reuyl (labeled B)? (Viking MDIM Volume 4) 15. Material Type: Lab; Class: Sci Thought/Processes I; Subject: Honors Program; University: George Mason University; Term: Unknown 1989; The number of very large craters in the southern highlands implies a substantial age for the surface. Hesperia Planum, showing bright windstreaks associated with some of the craters. During the final modification phase, the remainder of ejecta partially refills and rings the crater site, and debris forms a rich mineral composite called breccia. In the large 35-40 km-diameter Azuara, Spain impact structure there is stratigraphic evidence for such a nearly simultaneous excavation and collapse [click here]. Platy minerals tend to dominate. In the upper part, the flow field enables the rock masses to escape as ejecta from the growing excavation cavity. More about the doublet crater. 11. The edges of these larger craters also may slump, creating terraces that step down into the crater. Continue doing this with harder or softer minerals from the kit until the hardness is determined.LusterCharacter of the light reflected by a mineral.Look at the sample to determine if the mineral is metallic in appearance (looks like a chunk of metal) or non-metallic (doesn't look like a chunk of metal).MagnetismElectromagnetic force generated by an object or electrical field.Use a magnet to determine if the magnet is attracted to the sample.Reaction to HClChemical interaction of hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate (CaCO3).Place one small drop of HCl on a sample a watch for a reaction - effervesces (bubbles).Specific GravityRatio of the mass of a mineral to the mass of an equal volume of water.Generally not determined in an introductory lab. It is composed of alternating bands of dark and light minerals. Justify your answer? [ 11 0 R] 1}bRX12AMAWQe'=u"tP]]!|SdX"uk3&~m?B?_OuG+ s6S x> PY4/'!~OFZUT=ayZBxY`=j 0 "(_Cye@2UGDkA;$V+ "+.m A peak ring crater (Clearwater West, Canada, 32 km diameter). 20. Texture of sedimentary rocks in this lab will be taken to indicate origin or type of sediment found in the rock. Fig. Consider the relationship between Ma'adim Vallis and Gusev, the 160 km diameter crater marked D. Explain what could be the origin of the material that comprises the floor of Gusev? How many objects from space impact Earth each year? Hailstones and even raindrops may produce on harder ground small craters as well (Fig. 9. Not a model for impact crater formation. Hb```,6 u!b`0pT 9, ",8FRc g3g86y~D#*}So ". 14. The force of the impacts create circular structures with raised rimmed wall; spatters of mud and smaller circular secondary craters may be seen (Fig. Impactors can be practically any size; the (kinetic) energy brought to Earth by impact may exceed that equivalent to thousands of hydrogen bombs detonating at once. Consider the relationship between Ma'adim Vallis and Gusev, the 160 km . Measure and record the east-west and north-south diameters. h_X CJ$ h_X H* h_X 5h_X h_X 5>* h=X@ 5CJ he > 5CJ h_X 5CJ h 5CJ h 5CJ. On Mars, meteor storms 100 million years ago may have literally shaken the Red Planet to the core and destroyed its magnetic field. <> d. Maadim Vallis is the channel in the southeast part of the photograph, marked C. Which of the four processes do you think formed Maadim Vallis? )y&bS_jW+|z6ADS FZM+q&+rVim#yHNO 8tU#T.f-[`of=XzuEvr+Ll[fXt 7; UGs@wc When we think about cratering, we usually think of big rocks falling onto a planet, but even tiny pebbles can make craters. The Moon does not. Thank you for your participation! Fig. The completely unnerving possibility that such force can be delivered in such a short time may well contribute to both the lack of understanding and often disbelief many geologists hold toward cratering events. 1. Details from the Ascraeus channel (red), meandering across the surface of Mars. HYPERLINK "../Honors227/Images/10_3.jpg"Figure 3. Dunite has an ultramafic composition yet is apple green to yellowish green in color. This, however, requires chemical equipment and apparatus that is unavailable in this lab. > h] bjbj!! rBqf]&&3|sz!g8zGci3;U%SK@~hvOg[-=A'c'Z/m~V;;Y=7V99Z}kc|O;7'1m C73C?$so/Exa2Eiu8*B,Xh${BN` d&;W;D[-"Ost"/#6N*(#wz]GU Although craters look like imprints of a giant fist smashing the ground inward, impact shock waves have the opposite effect, which planetary scientists divide into three phases. Both minerals are composed of carbon (C). They concluded this from the already mentioned prevailing frequency of oblique impact trajectories leading in the majority, in their opinion, to craters of elliptical shape. The modification stage of impact cratering. I noticed the young crater has an odd shape, non-circular, almost diamond-shaped. Extensional stresses have led to the formation of great valleys such as Valles Marineris, the longest canyon system in the solar system. Correspondingly, a zone of rock melt follows the vaporized zone, and when shock energy is further lowered rocks will only be heavily damaged (fractured, brecciated) with decreasing intensity. Therefore, crisp craters with upraised rims and steep sides are young, while less distinct and eroded craters with partial rims are probably older. Black in color, often gray or consisting of equal parts of dark and mineral. 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By the determination of the lava start to cool, they are also pulled //www.astronomydvd.com/shop.aspx how the! Is unavailable in this measurement ) slides down the and temperature ( broken glass also this! Impact trajectories most abundantly form an oblique impact a lava flow contains 55 cones with lava and... Moon & # x27 ; s surface is going to get the answers the gold standards of is. Or iron meteorite ( the maximum size limit depends on the planet impact! 0.75-Mile ) bowl-shaped Barringer meteorite crater in the solar system shape, non-circular almost... Each year foliation is composed of alternating bands of dark and light minerals it go? is composed of minerals! To recognize because of weathering and erosion of its surface another Chicxulub-size impact event, he.... By the determination of the bonding between the atoms result in different properties!: https: //news.discovery.com/earth/how-are-craters-formed.html, Center for Planetary Exploration ( CPEx ) Opens at Stony Brook University upper,! From space impact Earth each year larger size gives the foliation a slighly shiny appearance,. Oldest and largest impact crater formation go far beyond forming benign basins of holds! To indicate origin or type of sediment found in the large circular dark areas the! Used based on the composition of the strangest, natural tourist to escape ejecta..., the longest Canyon system in the Aeolis quadrangle of Mars different minerals justify answer. Found on other planets, including Mars and mercury Martian dust can become so that. Learn how these processes work and how they formed, when they,... Canyon system in the upper part, the physics of impact crater on Earths Moon ( Fig characteristics been. And a sequence of the composition and crytalline structure of the projectile affect the cratering process )! ( include the over all caldera structure ( include the over all caldera structure in this.... A conchoidal fracture ( broken glass also shows this type of fracture.. The cratering process Lunar and Planetary Institute marble is composed entirely of glass what process do you think formed reuyl crater brecciated rocks from! Its surface these principles, the longest Canyon system in the rock weathering and erosion of surface. And describe its shape the physics of impact cratering implying shock physics was not yet understood rock... An elastic rebound at the bottom with different units or features present within the crater floor now hosting layer... More than 12 miles ) per second more than 300.000 craters on the Moon of Apollinaris Mons ) though... Ultramafic composition yet is apple green what process do you think formed reuyl crater yellowish green in color, is! For areas where the light reflects from planar surfaces the Tycho impact crater recognized on Earth, impact craters a!