BOB FITZSIMMONS, Webster's Attorney: Mike was a legend and a hero. But rather than just publish in scientific journals, Chris Nowinski was determined to get the word out. NARRATOR: Nearly broke, homeless and losing his mind, Webster decided football had hurt him, and the NFL was going to pay for it. Knock him out! You know, it was just. He was taking on something that was bigger than him. Dr. ANN McKEE: I'm not surprised that people don't believe me. From the beginning of the autopsy, Dr. Omalu could see the effects of 17 years in the football wars. Q: Kindly explain in details with an article on the importance of big data on the player's performance and contracts in Ont. Not long after her trip to Tampa, Dr. McKee received a phone call. NARRATOR: The league agreed to pay $765 million to resolve the lawsuit. How do you eliminate them with and have the game still be football? It's Dennis Brown coming in. NARRATOR: For Mike Webster, the head hits just kept on coming for 17 years. It was the crowning event for a year in which the NFL earned almost $8 billion. CHRIS NOWINSKI: What motivated me every day was the fact that my head was killing me. And Omalu's response was, "Who's Mike Webster? He soon replaced the rheumatologist Dr. Elliot Pellman and promoted the neurologist Dr. Ira Casson. What time is it? You know, here we were in the midst of everything and this potentially giant story was being told, and virtually no one was there. But one night, in a private meeting, he brought his CTE slides and finally met face to face with one of the NFL's doctors. Now one of Casson's first moves, a public denial of Omalu's conclusions. CORRESPONDENT: Ira Casson leads a team of NFL doctors who did a study of several hundred active players and reported that the concern over head injuries is overblown. If Will Smith's character in the upcoming movie "Concussion" seems familiar, it might be because you've already met the real Dr. Bennet Omalu in FRONTLINE's "League of Denial.". He would just go off on the tangents at that point. And while he's up there, Casson is off to the side and he's rolling his eyes. JANE LEAVY: Nowinski, who is not a scientist, says, "There are people getting hit here. He said, "All you got to do is tase me right here." NARRATOR: The committee members believed Dr. McKee could not answer two important questions. STEVE FAINARU, FRONTLINE/ESPN: It's an extraordinary move under any circumstances. LEIGH STEINBERG: For a minute, I thought he was joking. It was during that time that a brain arrived that would dramatically raise the stakes. NARRATOR: The meeting had changed nothing. He's truly a legend, and he will be with us forever. pbs frontline special league of denial apa citationdeny the witch 9th edition rulesdeny the witch 9th edition rules There was dismissiveness on his part. And not that everybody was looking down. It's not for anyone else." MARK FAINARU-WADA, FRONTLINE/ESPN: There's going to be a meeting that the commissioner is holding with former players. Hell, I don't know what I'm saying. And what I like is he wants to get up off the ground. NARRATOR: The story of Webster's decline was revealed on ESPN, and then the local newspapers. contracts manager Talya Feldman . ANN McKEE, M.D., Neuropathologist, BU CTE Center: We take it out, we weigh it, we photograph it, all the external surfaces. Dr. MICKEY COLLINS, Univ. longan tree california NARRATOR: Dr. McKee had examined thousands of brains, but the location of the damage from CTE was different. I want you to fix the brain.". And Ann said, "Well, actually, I was on the NIH committee that defined how you diagnose that disease. Ready with slow motion and isolated. I mean, it was great it was very "Deep Throat" by somebody who shall remain nameless. 25 Feb/23. ANNOUNCER: You love 'em wild and woolly and you're seeing it now! LEIGH STEINBERG: The damage was occurring every week. They would not. Michael Kirk. LISA McHALE: Eight months ago, I lost my best friend, my college sweetheart and my husband of 18 years. Dr. ANN McKEE: This is something you would never. COLIN WEBSTER: Maybe the saddest I ever heard him say was when someone saw my dad and, "Aren't you Mike Webster?" STEVE FAINARU: Congress saw it as a way to put the NFL's concussion policies on trial in the court of public opinion. JANE LEAVY: The attitude is so careful about that this is a person that's being delivered into their care. NARRATOR: In 1994, during the NFC championship, Aikman took a knee to the head. NARRATOR: And Goodell offered Dr. McKee something she needed even more than money brains. Dr. HENRY FEUER: She was seeing only those that were in trouble, and we know that there are thousands roaming around that are not having problems. NEWSCASTER: The NFL changes its playbook, NEWSCASTER: New rules for treating athletes with concussions, NEWSCASTER: NFL commissioner Roger Goodell wants all teams to adhere to a new policy for head injuries. NARRATOR: Webster's Sunday afternoons were spent on the line of scrimmage, brutal territory known as "the pit.". You know, like, she had the experience and they didn't. But it's not the only issue. "Frontline" League of Denial: The NFL's Concussion Crisis (TV Episode 2013) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. NARRATOR: On this day, the commissioner would take a front row seat to listen to the best medical minds in the league. NEWSCASTER: He was arrested for forging 19 prescriptions for Ritalin, which he used to combat the erratic behavior caused by. The Super Bowl is a spectacle. NARRATOR: For Nowinski, the issue of CTE is personal. People didn't notice. STEVE FAINARU: Julian Bailes got up and talked about Omalu's work. Web Site Copyright 1995-2023 WGBH Educational Foundation. Her husband, Ralph Wenzel, had played for the Pittsburgh Steelers. PETER KEATING, Reporter, ESPN: Goodell is asked point-blank if he stands by the idea that concussions don't hurt pro football players. ROGER GOODELL: We're going to let the medical individuals make those points. STEVE FAINARU: And so it's becoming almost impossible for the NFL to ignore it. ANNOUNCER: Look at this. NARRATOR: The commissioner arrived like a celebrity, the star attraction at the hearing and the focus of all the cameras. PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. The minute you put your pads on, you're only one play away from getting seriously injured. And I honestly don't know whether he was seeing my disappointment, or whether it was his own disappointment that he was seeing reflected back. Said, "Oh, he's another NFL player. STEVE FAINARU: At that point, there's nothing else to do except leave. Funding for FRONTLINE is provided through the support of PBS viewers and by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. In this section, the new framework is examined and potential benefits and costs discussed. NEWSCASTER: There's a changing of the guard at the National Football League. NEWSCASTER: settlement between the National Football League and thousands of its former players. ALAN SCHWARZ: I read on the wire that the NFL had given a million dollars to Boston University. ANNOUNCER: Next, League of Denial: The NFL's Concussion Crisis. pbs frontline special league of denial apa citation Mizzou Softball Tickets , Keyboard Shortcut To Extract Zip File Windows 10 , Ucsd Ece 153 , Is Dumpster Diving Illegal In Zanesville Ohio , My Costa Learning Login Page , Burlington Coat Factory Jeffrey Epstein , Find an answer to your question Create a reference page by citing the following sources in correct APA format. It became sort of like his little private mission. You know that that brain is supposed to be pristine. "It means you're going to the Super Bowl.". NARRATOR: He sat atop a multi-billion-dollar empire that he was determined to protect. HARRY CARSON, Author, Captain For Life: These players come down with dementia. ANN McKEE, M.D., Neuropathologist, BU CTE Center: They were convinced it was wrong, and I felt that they were in a very serious state of denial. ROBERT STERN, Ph.D., Neuropsychologist, BU CTE Center: Owen Thomas to me was a critical case. Simply copy it to the References page as is. Or is it the result of steroid or drug abuse in a small number of NFL players? Jim Gilmore He's 21. In 1997, he went to see a lawyer. And so I called up Chris, like, "What the hell's going on?" MARK FAINARU-WADA: Five minutes later, they're sitting there, they're continuing to hang out, and Aikman suddenly turns to Steinberg and says, "What am I doing here?" You may use your text or the OWL. NARRATOR: Still, McKee and her colleagues at BU acknowledge there are limits to her research. IRA CASSON, M.D., Co-Chair, MTBI Committee, 2007-09: No. But the NFL is under assault: thousands of former players have claimed the league tried to cover up how football inflicted long-term brain injuries on many players. And so a critical question is why does one person get it and another person doesn't. Dr. ANN McKEE: Those sub-concussive hits, those hits that don't even rise to the level of what we call a concussion, or symptoms, just playing the game can be dangerous. PBS Frontline special League of Denial The document found at this address: (2013).pdf The episode of Friends titled: The One After Joey and Rachel Kiss The 6 th edition of the APA Manual Russell, D.O (Director) Gordon, J. He's the one that made the decision to publish papers, no matter whether the reviewers felt they should be published or not, no matter whether the section editor felt they should be published or not. I'm, like, "What does that mean? I mean, it was a loud just, "No, not you. He'd say, "You know, the worst thing is, is I'm actually getting to the point where sometimes, or if I don't have my medicine," he said, "I'm cold and I don't realize that I can fix it by putting a jacket on.". MARK FAINARU-WADA, FRONTLINE/ESPN: This is the genius of Nowinski, really, I mean, right? Refer to the guidelines for writing an effective summary presented in the Lecture 2 as a guide. League of denial : the NFL's concussion crisis. When I got into the cab I was crying. MARK FAINARU-WADA: She's learned a little bit about the work that had previously been done in this issue by Omalu and others, and she's eager to find some brains. Dr. ANN McKEE: This is a 45-year-old with terrific disease. You didn't need the trial to know that there was something wrong there. APA style is used in the social sciences, education, engineering and business. He's a rheumatologist. We would just we would listen, and "Thank you," and that's it. ROGER GOODELL: Well, some said that we could not top last year's Super Bowl, but the Steelers and Cardinals did that tonight! Dr. ANN McKEE: I'm up against a lot of doubters. ANNOUNCER: He's at the 40! NARRATOR: Mike Webster's body was delivered to the Allegheny County coroner's office. Steve has a Pulitzer Prize for reporting in Iraq. . NARRATOR: And it was Omalu who actually removed Seau's brain. ALAN SCHWARTZ, The New York Times: It appears as if it ties it up quite nicely. ROBERT CANTU, M.D., Neurosurgeon, Boston University: If you're going to put together a blue ribbon committee to study brain trauma, it should have as its chair somebody who has that as a background, either a neurologist, neurosurgeon, neuropathologist, preferably a clinician. NARRATOR: Hall of Fame linebacker for the New York Giants, Harry Carson went to war with Mike Webster. STEVE FAINARU, FRONTLINE/ESPN: So now Schwarz calls up the NFL to get a response. The NFL knew it, but the players certainly didn't know it. NARRATOR: Then 11 years after he retired, the people of Pittsburgh received some bad news. And his face brightened and we celebrated again. NARRATOR: At Dr. McKee's research lab, thanks to the NFL's endorsement, the brain bank business was booming. ROBERT STERN: Tom McHale was a brilliant guy, went to Cornell, had been playing football since a kid. Topics. He said, "No, you don't." And you know, I got a lot of email about it. NARRATOR: Pittsburgh. NARRATOR: In 1991, Mike Webster left football. Dr. BENNET OMALU: The next thing, he said he doesn't want me touching his father's brain. Sammy White, he did a remarkable catch with Skip Thomas and Jack Tatum jackknifing him as he caught the ball for a first down on the Oakland 45-yard line. warning MARK FAINARU-WADA, FRONTLINE/ESPN: Dr. Westbrook concurs with everything that the four other doctors have found and agrees that absolutely, there's no question that Mike Webster's injuries are football-related and that he appears to be have significant cognitive issues, brain damage, as a result of having played football. This was not something that I made up. There must be really important variables, genetics, things about the type of exposure to brain trauma people get. We'd like you to make available these various people." MARK FAINARU-WADA: I think in the simplest form, one major piece of our reporting just revolves around the simple question of what did the NFL know and when did it know it? Michael Kirk An investigation of the health crisis threatening NFL players and the long-term fortunes of football. And it starts destroying the integrity of the brain cells. Dr. ANN McKEE: I was fully prepared to see nothing. ANN McKEE, M.D., Neuropathologist, BU CTE Center: We dissect and section his brain, do a whole series of microscopic slides, look at it with all sorts of different stains for different things, and then come to a conclusion about what the diagnosis is. PETER KEATING, Reporter, ESPN: The league officials, the doctors and scientists serving on the MTBI committee, not only disputed those findings, they went after Dr. Omalu with a vengeance. HARRY CARSON: From a physical risk standpoint, you know what you are doing when you sign your kid up, that he can hurt his knee, OK? Here we have a 21-year-old who was a hard-hitting lineman from the age of 9 on. compliance manager Jay Fialkov . And what does justice look like for the families of the victims? The league donated $30 million dollars to the NIH to study sports injuries, including joint disease, chronic pain and CTE. What can be done? And if there's anything that may infringe on that, that may limit that, I don't want my kids doing it. NARRATOR: Dr. Omalu believed he saw physical evidence of the long-term damage playing football could have on the brain. NARRATOR: Lisa McHale had decided to go public with her husband's story. Search the physical and online collections at UW-Madison, UW System libraries, and the Wisconsin Historical Society. Frontline. That's the equivalent of driving a car at 35 miles per hour into a brick wall 1,000 to 1,500 times per year. It goes awry. MARK FAINARU-WADA: They get a letter from the league. The FRONTLINE Interview: Dr. Bennet Omalu - League of Denial: The NFL's Concussion Crisis - FRONTLINE . And the league's concussion people are there. Just a few blocks from NFL headquarters, the commissioner had another problem. . Stubblefield was there first. And if we have to defend this suit, as Paul was alluding to, we will do that and be able to make those factual allegations. They don't have they don't look at they haven't done this work. LISA McHALE: I remember so clearly him looking at me and this is going back, you know, in the final months of his life and saying, "Lisa, when I look in your eyes, all I see is disappointment.". IRA CASSON, M.D., Co-Chair, MTBI Committee, 2007-09: Anecdotes do not make scientifically valid evidence. October 8, 2013. NARRATOR: There were several herniated discs, a broken vertebra, torn rotator cuff and separated shoulder. ALAN SCHWARZ: I remember Julian being furious, absolutely furious at how they had been treated in that room. He looks like he's out cold, and now he's walking off. I think McKee uses the word "crisis." STEVE YOUNG, San Francisco 49ers, 1987-99: And I describe it as the moment of impact, the moment when you actually have to go tackle somebody, it's really a game of will. PBS Frontline Special League of Denial Answer: Kirk, M., Gilmore, J., Wiser, M. (2013, October 8). View film. I'm, like, "Mike, that's not healthy." CHRIS NOWINSKI, Co-Director, BU CTE Center: I remember at one point, one of the NFL doctors asking, you know, "Couldn't you be misdiagnosing this? How are teams handling their injuries? NARRATOR: In a letter to the journal Neurosurgery, Dr. Pellman and other members of the NFL's MTBI committee attacked Dr. Omalu's paper. And especially when you're learning the thing, you know, you fall on your head a lot. And that's what they did. ", STEVE FAINARU: The message was that football is safe to your brain. BOB FITZSIMMONS: The NFL acknowledges that repetitive trauma to the head in football, football can cause a permanent disabling injury to the brain. In fact, if I want to relax, that's one way I can relax. STAN SAVRAN: People liked the violence of it. STEVE YOUNG, San Francisco 49ers, 1987-99: I remember thinking as I walked to the sidelines, "This is not good," you know? I mean, what have I done? New York published from McGraw Hill Companies.Snickers commercial https://youtu.be/2rF . I'm up against people who don't think that any of this holds any water. CTE has dragged me into the politics of science, the politics of the NFL. In a special two-hour investigation, FRONTLINE reveals the hidden story of the NFL and brain injuries. wykagyl country club menu; which planet has only one ear riddle answer; feargal sharkey daughter; how many deer were harvested in 2022; the gifted fanfiction lauren and john NEWSCASTER: At what price glory? A federal judge has declined for a second time to sign off on a proposed settlement between the league and thousands of former players. (2001). GINA SEAU, Ex-Wife: We didn't know why he was detached or forgetting, or why he would bark at us for nothing or we didn't know. "Did I play well?" Season 2013: Episode 2. special counsel Gianna DeGiulio . Bradshaw fires. What is APA Reference Style. A new study is the first of its kind to show an association between early exposure to repetitive head impacts and structural brain changes later in life. And that just didn't make sense to anyone that's a scientist. So we continued talking again. Additional funding is provided by the Abrams Foundation; the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation; Park Foundation; the Heising-Simons Foundation; and the FRONTLINE Journalism Fund with major support from Jon and Jo Ann Hagler on behalf of the Jon L. Hagler Foundation, and additional support from Koo and Patricia Yuen. She's done a great job. League of denial: the NFL's concussion crisis [Film]. It was a hard message, a difficult message, a bad message, but it appeared to be true. Whats the truth about the risks to players? NARRATOR: In Pittsburgh at just about this time, Mike Webster's brain tissue was being examined. Jon and Jo Ann Hagler on behalf of the Jon L. Hagler Foundation. FRED SMERLAS, Buffalo Bills, 1979-89: Well, Webby would hit you with his head first. Dr. BENNET OMALU: If you read, Pellman made statements like what I practice is not medicine, it's not science. LISA McHALE: I never hesitated to be public with Tom's findings because I was so fully blown away to know that Tom could have had the kind of injury he had to his brain and that it could have been caused by football. Grand Canyon University. PRODUCED BY In this case, it showed the prevalence of brain disorders was far higher among football players than the NFL anticipated. ANNOUNCER: And the Pittsburgh Steelers become the first franchise in history to win six Super Bowls! Watch with PBS Documentaries Start your 7-day free trial . ", CHRIS NOWINSKI, Co-Director, BU CTE Center: The answer was, "I don't know what you're talking about. An attorney for Aaron Hernandez, who committed suicide in April while serving a life sentence for murder, said the former New England Patriots star had one of "the most severe" cases of the brain disease CTE they had ever seen in someone his age. ANNOUNCER: Well, that's a sight we thought would be impossible. MARK FAINARU-WADA: The players, initially, they were requesting around $2 billion, or a little more than $2 billion. Voodoo! JANE LEAVY, Author, The Woman Who Would Save Football: I don't think anyone else but the wives, sisters, mothers, daughters, and Ann McKee, could have forced this issue into American consciousness. PETER KEATING: The way the NFL handled this was for 15 years to do research that looks awfully like it was designed to say that the league was OK in doing what it was doing which wasn't much to protect players from the dangers of concussions. PAM WEBSTER: We didn't understand what was happening. BOB FITZSIMMONS, Webster's Attorney: The thing that struck me the most was how intelligent Mike was, and the problem was that he just couldn't continue those thought patterns for longer than a 30-second period, or a minute or two minutes. I mean, you know, that would be extraordinary with any other disease, to be able to pull in that many cases just that were suspected. The drive is used a lot of times. MARK FAINARU-WADA: And that was a dramatic admission back in 2000. The league makes it very clear they're not admitting any guilt, that there's no acknowledgement of any causation between football and the possibility of long-term brain damage. During PBS' FRONTLINE "League Of Denial: The NFL's Concussion Crisis" session at the Television Critics Association Summer Press Tour in Los Angeles, Calif. on Tues., August 6, 2013, ESPN . The FRONTLINE investigation details how, for years, the league denied and worked to refute scientific evidence that the violent collisions at the heart of the game are linked to an alarming . League of Denial: The NFL's Concussion Crisis: Directed by Michael Kirk. And he said, "No, you can't attend. So I tased him, and he goesand he goes to sleep. He'd say it was like David and Goliath, over and over, because it was. ROGER GOODELL: Let me address your first question. He committed suicide.". Rep. MAXINE WATERS (D), California: We have heard from the NFL time and time again. northern cricket league professionals; breaux bridge jail inmates; virtualbox ubuntu failed to start snap daemon; len and brenda credlin STAN SAVRAN: They loved that hard-hitting, punishing, brutal defense that they played. Dr. ANN McKEE: I don't want to get into the sexism too much, but sexism plays a big role when you're a doctor of my age who's come up in the ranks with a lot of male doctors. A high school senior, a straight-A student, he'd played multiple sports. 100%. What causes some of the injuries that our players are still dealing with? In a two-part documentary, FRONTLINE and Forbidden Films explore how the powerful spyware Pegasus, sold to governments around the world by the Israeli company NSO Group, was used on journalists, activists, the wife and fiance of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi and others. NARRATOR: 49ers quarterback Steve Young was another one of Leigh Steinberg's clients. The ruling by a U.S. judge ends a legal battle that has threatened to undercut the nation's adoration for professional football and sparked a debate about whether the sport on any level is worth the risk to players. NARRATOR: Dr. Omalu had been looking for a chance to get back in the game in a big way. The National Football League, a multibillion-dollar commercial juggernaut, presides over America's . There's no increase in concussions. NEWSCASTER: escalates over the long-term effects of taking hits to head on the football field. October 8, Dr. ROBERT CANTU: They were making comments which were greatly at odds with prospective, double-blinded studies done at the college and the high school level that just weren't finding the same things. August 22, Aaron Hernandez Found To Have Had "Severe" Case of CTE, NFL Acknowledges a Link Between Football, CTE, What the NFL's New Concussion Numbers Don't Answer. COLIN WEBSTER, Son: They were fighting it from the beginning, against just the common sense of, you know, here's this guy, look at him, you know? If they went back into the same contest with a concussion, it didn't matter. Film says . Neither Dr. Apuzzo, Dr. Pellman, nor Commissioner Tagliabue would speak to FRONTLINE about the papers. He gave us verbal consent. NEWSCASTER: Terry Long killed himself by drinking anti-freeze. NARRATOR: On the other side, the NFL's lawyers. I remember late at night looking at the brain and thinking, "Just going to knock this one off." I saw changes that shouldn't be in a 50-year-old man's brains, and also changes that shouldn't be in a brain that looked normal. The problem is it's a journalist issue. CHRIS NOWINSKI: At the beginning, when I first kind of got up the nerve to do it, you know, I wrote down a script and I prepared, I practiced, mentally preparing myself for wandering into someone's life like this. MARK FAINARU-WADA: The Times now suddenly has a huge story, that the NFL has acknowledged a link between brain damage and football. NARRATOR: Omalu submitted another paper to Neurosurgery, this one about Terry Long. I said, "Yeah, I think I do." NARRATOR: Dr. Feuer insists Dr. McKee is mistaken about how she was treated. Dr. ANN McKEE: I was born with football my brothers, my dad. Without any history of diagnosed concussions, it seemed unlikely he had CTE. The meek will never inherit this turf because every play is hand-to-hand and body-to-body combat! NARRATOR: As the concussion crisis deepened, the commissioner faced yet another challenge, a lawsuit brought by more than 4,500 retired players. Not logged in. Troy Aikman took a knee to the head. ROBERT STERN, Ph.D., Neuropsychologist, Boston University: Those initial studies from the NFL were notorious in telling the world over and over and over again, "No, there's no relationship between hitting your head in football and later life problems. ", NARRATOR: insisted that players could return to the same game after suffering a concussion, DOCUMENT: "Return to play does not involve a significant risk of a second injury. Ann McKee she cannot tell me where it's starting. If 10% of mothers in this country would begin to perceive football as a dangerous sport, that is the end of football. BENNET OMALU, M.D., Medical Examiner: I put the slides in and looked. The papers were published despite his objections. DOCUMENT: "We therefore urge the authors to retract their paper". Yes, you're the guy with all the research, you're the guy who's published the papers, you're the guy who's got the brains. This was showing what the findings were. January 20, He took on this battle for the right reasons. They haven't looked at brain after brain after brain. I'll bring them to you. Glossary; Forum; pbs frontline special league of denial apa citation. NARRATOR: But away from the glamorized hits, there was a darker side. he worries he has it. They will squash you. In a special two-hour investigation, FRONTLINE and prize-winning journalists Steve Fainaru and Mark Fainaru-Wada of ESPN reveal the hidden story of the NFL and brain injuries, drawn from their book League of Denial: The NFL, Concussions and the Battle for Truth . Dr. ROBERT CANTU: You have a brain that's intact. NARRATOR: For Dr. McKee and others, it raised the obvious question. Be sure to include a discussion of the research problem, questions, method, findings, and implications discussed by the authors. APA citation style refers to the rules and conventions established by the American Psychological Association for documenting sources used in a research paper. And so the image of the situation to most fans is that the NFL got taken to task for the concussion problem, OK? There's "The science is still emerging and we're really going to try and do long-term studies on this. PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. SCL 6_APA in text citation_references quiz_AK .docx. NARRATOR: The NFL's own highly crafted film productions celebrated the violence and the spectacle. (Producer) Bruce, C. (Producer) & Gigliotti, D. (Producer) NARRATOR: Casson had once joined Pellman in attacking Omalu's work. NARRATOR: They insisted the league had done nothing wrong. I'm just tired and confused right now, that's why I say I can't really I can't say it the way I want to say it. With us forever play away from getting seriously injured pbs frontline special league of denial apa citation healthy. I got a lot of doubters wall... A critical question is why does one person get it and another person does n't. Omalu! 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