One of those disinherited was the Numidian prince Masinissa, who was thus driven into the arms of Rome. This conflict was fought entirely on Carthage's territories in what is now Tunisia and centred on the siege of Carthage. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! How did the Roman Republic become a dictatorship? Best Answer. Rome then became the dominant power in the Mediterranean. In 219 Hannibal laid siege to Saguntum and carried the town in spite of a stubborn defense. It entered Gaul and took an inland route, to avoid the Roman allies to the south. Cities in Italy became overcrowded, and Rome became the most populous city in Europe and West Asia.What led to the Punic Wars and how did they affect Rome?What caused the Punic Wars, and how did they affect Rome? Having lost many of his elephants on his march over the mountains, and lacking necessary siege engines and troops, Hannibal was caught in southern Italy in a cat and mouse game with the Roman army under Quintus Fabius Maximus. Thank you for your help! The general population of the Roman society increased, causing lots of "poor plebs" to be present. The Roman general Scipio Aemilianus (l. 185-129 BCE) besieged the city for three years and, when it fell, sacked it and burned it to the ground. In 263 the Romans advanced with a considerable force into Hierons territory and induced him to seek peace and alliance with them. This caused Carthage to cease to be a military threat. The Carthaginian's superior seamanship was not as effective as they had hoped, while the Romans' corvus gave them an edge as the battle degenerated into a shapeless brawl. The new allies increased the number of places that Hannibal's army was expected to defend from Roman retribution, but provided relatively few fresh troops to assist him in doing so. Some members of the city council denounced his actions and Hasdrubal had them put to death and took control of the city. The added weight in the prow compromised both the ship's manoeuvrability and its seaworthiness, and in rough sea conditions the corvus became useless; part way through the First Punic War the Romans ceased using it. The Roman senator Cato the Elder took the threat so seriously that he would end all of his speeches, no matter the subject, with the phrase, And, further, I think that Carthage should be destroyed. In 149 BCE Rome sent an embassy to Carthage suggesting exactly that course: that the city should be dismantled and moved inland away from the coast. Carthage was also to pay Rome a war debt of 200 talents every year for fifty years. [161] A Roman fleet carrying the Iberian-bound army landed at Rome's ally Massalia (modern Marseille) at the mouth of the Rhone,[162] but Hannibal evaded the Romans and they continued to Iberia. At Mylae (Milazzo), off the north Sicilian coast, their admiral Gaius Duilius defeated a Carthaginian squadron of superior maneuvering capacity by grappling and boarding. [108] Repeated attempts to storm Lilybaeum's strong walls failed, as did attempts to block access to its harbour, and the Romans settled down to a siege which was to last nine years. Eryx (modern Erice) (244242) in western Sicily, by which he effectually screened Lilybaeum from any attempt on it by the Roman land army. Answer: In the first Punic War, Carthaginian expansion into Sicily was reversed and they were forced out of Sicily. Rome won the first Punic War when Carthage agreed to terms in 241 BC, in doing so, Rome became the dominant navy in the Mediterranean Sea, Carthage had to pay for war damages, and Rome took control of all of the Carthaginian lands on the island of Sicily. In the battle of Cannae the Roman legions forced their way through Hannibal's deliberately weak centre, but Libyan heavy infantry on the wings swung around their advance, menacing their flanks. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. By the terms of the peace treaty Carthage paid large reparations and Sicily was annexed as a Roman province. A treaty was agreed in 201BC which stripped Carthage of its overseas territories and some of its African ones; imposed a large indemnity; severely restricted the size of its armed forces; and prohibited Carthage from waging war without Rome's express permission. These wars are collectively called the Punic Wars. Hannibal set an ambush and in the battle of Lake Trasimene completely defeated the Roman army, killing 15,000 Romans, including Flaminius, and taking 15,000 prisoners. [85] In 258BC a Roman fleet defeated a smaller Carthaginian fleet at the battle of Sulci off the western coast of Sardinia. Hamilcar Barca was called upon to raise the siege and did so, even though Carthage had refused him the much-needed supplies and reinforcements on his campaigns on her behalf and he had led most of these mercenaries in battle himself. When they did exactly that, and the Romans pressed what they saw as an advantage and followed them, Hannibal closed from behind and the sides, enveloping the Roman forces and crushing them. [33] The balance were equipped as heavy infantry, with body armour, a large shield and short thrusting swords. At one point Rome attacked Carthaginian lands in Africa, very close to Carthage itself. [122] Polybius regarded the war as "the longest, most continuous and most severely contested war known to us in history". [106][107], Slowly the Romans had occupied most of Sicily; in 250BC they besieged the last two Carthaginian strongholds Lilybaeum and Drepana in the extreme west. It took place from 218 BC to 201 BC. He is remembered for expanding and reforming the Roman Republic. Shortly after this, the Roman general, Publius Cornelius Scipio (l. 236-183 BCE, later known as Scipio Africanus) was defeating the Carthaginian forces in Spain under Hannibal's brother, Hasdrubal Barca (l. c. 244-207 BCE). [225] This strategy resulted in two separate battles in 211BC, usually referred to jointly as the battle of the Upper Baetis. [36][37] When they did they fought as well-armoured heavy infantry armed with long thrusting spears, although they were notoriously ill-trained and ill-disciplined. [95][96][97] It is possible that the presence of the corvus, making the Roman ships unusually unseaworthy, contributed to this disaster; there is no record of them being used again. [144] After the First Punic War, Carthaginian possessions in Iberia (modern Spain and Portugal) were limited to a handful of prosperous coastal cities in the south. How did the Punic Wars affect Carthage? At the same time, the Carthaginians, who felt no less severely the financial strain of the prolonged struggle, reduced their forces and made no attempt to deliver a counterattack. The majority were deployed in southern Italy in field armies of approximately 20,000 men each. Rome was better disposed to protracted warfare all three times they went up against Carthage. Carthage was compelled to give up its fleet and pay a significant indemnity to Rome in silver as a result of Hannibals defeats in the Second Punic War, effectively ending Carthages empire in the western Mediterranean and giving Rome control over Spain.What effect did the Punic wars have on small Roman farmers?By the end of the Second Punic War, much of the land had been destroyed; small farmers could not afford to restore the land; Patricians and wealthy businesspeople bought small farms and combined them to make latifundias. [171][172] Only 10,000 Romans out of 42,000 were able to cut their way to safety. When Hiero II (r. 270-215 BCE) of neighboring Syracuse fought against the Mamertines of Messina, the Mamertines asked first Carthage and then Rome for help. In 260 the Romans built their first large fleet of standard battleships. Trade competition led to conflict between social classes. The Romans took the Punic Wars to be a purely military affair and used the military as the primary tool of warfare. How did the results of the First Punic War lead to the Second Punic War? Land operations were largely confined to raids, sieges and interdiction; in 23 years of war on Sicily there were only two full-scale pitched battles. Campaigns of the Second Punic WarYassineMrabet (GNU FDL). [174] Hannibal hoped some of these allies could be persuaded to defect and marched south hoping to win over Roman allies among the ethnic Greek and Italic states. [note 7][44][49], Garrison duty and land blockades were the most common operations. [149] In 226BC the Ebro Treaty was agreed with Rome, specifying the Ebro River as the northern boundary of the Carthaginian sphere of influence. How did the citizens of the Roman Republic govern themselves? [245][246] Unlike most battles of the Second Punic War, the Romans had superiority in cavalry and the Carthaginians in infantry. The Carthaginian senate refused to comply and so began the Second Punic War. [77][78] The focus of the war shifted to the sea, where the Romans had little experience; on the few occasions they had previously felt the need for a naval presence they had usually relied on small squadrons provided by their Latin or Greek allies. [note 11][135][136] Weakened by 30 years of war, Carthage agreed rather than again enter into conflict with Rome. [158] An army had previously been created by the Romans to campaign in Iberia and the Roman Senate detached one Roman and one allied legion from it to send to north Italy. How did the Greeks influence religion in Rome? They were a series of three wars that led to the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its people, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. read more, Beginning in the eighth century B.C., Ancient Rome grew from a small town on central Italys Tiber River into an empire that at its peak encompassed most of continental Europe, Britain, much of western Asia, northern Africa and the Mediterranean islands. The Romans were a military people first and foremost. The Romans fought for the Mamertines of Messina and, in 264 BCE, Rome and Carthage declared war on each other for the control of Sicily. [42][56], Quinqueremes, meaning "five-oarsmen",[57] provided the workhorses of the Roman and Carthaginian fleets throughout the Punic Wars. During the long 23 years of conflict, Rome lost over 600 ships, Carthage at least 500. In 151BC Carthage attempted to defend itself against Numidian encroachments and Rome used this as a justification to declare war in 149BC, starting the Third Punic War. [275] There is a tradition that Roman forces then sowed the city with salt, but this has been shown to have been a 19th-century invention. With the Punic Wars, they got all the resources they needed from the Republic and from the Carthaginians. https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-rome/punic-wars. It led to the establishment of the Twelve Tables. ~. From this episode it became clear that Rome intended to use the victory to the utmost. [267] Hasdrubal had Roman prisoners tortured to death on the walls, in view of the Roman army. The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts between Carthage and Rome between 264-146 BCE. [2][6][7] Modern historians consider Polybius to have treated the relatives of Scipio Aemilianus, his patron and friend, unduly favourably but the consensus is to accept his account largely at face value. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The temper of the Roman people was soon made manifest during a conflict which broke out between the Carthaginians and their discontented mercenaries. This was insufficient to challenge Hannibal's army in open battle, but sufficient to force him to concentrate his forces and to hamper his movements. As you read this section, make note of what the United States created and what it valued. This war was over who would control the island of Sicily. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [237], In 213BC Syphax, a powerful Numidian king in North Africa, declared for Rome. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. After one campaign they were ready to sue for peace, but the terms which the Roman commander Marcus Atilius Regulus offered were intolerably harsh. [34][35], Carthaginian citizens only served in their army if there was a direct threat to the city of Carthage. [225], In 210BC Publius Cornelius Scipio,[note 14] arrived in Iberia with further Roman reinforcements. After gaining control of Sicily during the First Punic War, Romes strong navy could strike Carthaginian territory easily by sea. Carthage's new allies felt little sense of community with Carthage, or even with each other. Raising fresh troops to replace these delayed the army's departure for Iberia until September. A police officer must maintain ______ weight at a certain level. The Romans objected to this attack and demanded that Carthage deliver Hannibal to Rome. Rome received the training, the navy, and the wealth it needed from the Punic Wars to grow from a small city to an empire that would rule the known world. Hannibal arrived with 20,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry and an unknown number of elephants the survivors of the 37 with which he left Iberia[74][165] in what is now Piedmont, northern Italy in early November; the Romans were still in their winter quarters. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. [192] Toni aco del Hoyo describes the Trebia, Lake Trasimene and Cannae as the three "great military calamities" suffered by the Romans in the first three years of the war. These developments made possible the subsequent Roman overseas wars of conquest. Hasdrubal and his army retreated into the city to reinforce the garrison. [249] Henceforth it was clear that Carthage was politically subordinate to Rome. [209][213] It captured several Roman-garrisoned towns on Sicily; many Roman garrisons were either expelled or massacred by Carthaginian partisans. [137] Polybius considered this "contrary to all justice" and modern historians have variously described the Romans' behaviour as "unprovoked aggression and treaty-breaking",[135] "shamelessly opportunistic"[138] and an "unscrupulous act". Although Rome had no navy and knew nothing of sea battles, they swiftly built and equipped 330 ships. The Carthaginians accordingly opened negotiations and consented to a peace by which they ceded Sicily and the Lipari (Eolie) Islands to Rome and paid an indemnity of 3,200 talents. Omissions? Which statement best describes the physical geography of the Italian Peninsula? Hannibal negotiated a treaty whereby Syracuse defected to Carthage, in exchange for making the whole of Sicily a Syracusan possession. At the start of the war Carthage was the dominant power of the western Mediterranean, with an extensive maritime empire, while Rome was a rapidly expanding power in Italy, with a strong army but no navy. World History Encyclopedia. [100] The Carthaginians attacked and recaptured Akragas in 255BC, but not believing they could hold the city they razed and abandoned it. [4][5] Polybius was an analytical historian and wherever possible interviewed participants, from both sides, in the events he wrote about. . Mago's arrival in the north of the Italian peninsula was followed by Hannibal's inconclusive battle of Crotona in 204BC in the far south of the peninsula. They besieged and captured the Carthaginian base at Agrigentum in 262 but made little impression upon the Carthaginian fortresses in the west of the island and upon the towns of the interior. The Third Punic War, also known in Latin as Tertium Bellum Punicum was the final of the Punic Wars that lasted between 149 BC an 146 BC fought between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginians.Unlike the previous two wars which occurred all around the Mediterranean, the Third Punic War was mostly focused on North Africa, in the area of modern day Tunisia. [109][110] They launched a surprise attack on the Carthaginian fleet, but were defeated at the battle of Drepana; Carthage's greatest naval victory of the war. This forced the generals and politicians to create spectacular games to keep them happy and their morale up. [193] Brian Carey writes that these three defeats brought Rome to the brink of collapse. This expedition enjoyed considerable early success and campaigned in Italy for 14 years before the survivors withdrew. [note 8][89][90][91] The invasion initially went well and in 255BC the Carthaginians sued for peace; the proposed terms were so harsh they decided to fight on. Mark, J. J. Hannibal, leading the Barcid Empire, and allied to the Carthagians, crossed the Alps and invaded Italy in a series of highly successful battles. In 146BC the Romans stormed the city of Carthage, sacked it, slaughtered or enslaved most of its population, and completely demolished the city. The Romans killed the Carthaginians on the elephants and sent the animals back into the Carthaginian ranks, then followed with a combined cavalry charge and infantry advance which caught the enemy between and crushed them. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. These conquests aroused the suspicions of Rome, which in a treaty with Hasdrubal confined the Carthaginians to the south of the Ebro. First Punic War (264-241 B.C.) They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Carthage was Phoenician city founded in 814 BC, and the term Punic relates to the Latin and Greek words for Phoenician. To avoid complete humiliation Carthage had no resource but to humiliate its adversary. Over the next decades, Rome took over control of both Corsica and Sardinia as well, but Carthage was able to establish a new base of influence in Spain beginning in 237 B.C., under the leadership of the powerful general Hamilcar Barca and, later, his son-in-law Hasdrubal. In 228 BCE, Hamilcar was killed in battle and command of the Carthaginian army went to his son-in-law Hasdrubal the Fair (l. c. 270-221 BCE). [139] These events fuelled resentment of Rome in Carthage, which was not reconciled to Rome's perception of its situation. Second Punic War (218-201 B.C.) The Second Punic War began in 218BC and witnessed the Carthaginian general Hannibal's crossing of the Alps and invasion of mainland Italy. The Punic Wars and Expansion. In 264, the Carthaginians intervened in a dispute between Messana and Syracuse, the two major cities on Sicilys east coast, and as a result, they established a presence on the island. Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264-146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in. In 151BC Carthage raised an army, the treaty notwithstanding, and counterattacked the Numidians. Third Punic War (149 - 146 B.C) The third Punic War compound the belic conflict which led to the total eradication of the Carthaginian civilization and culture. She had a powerful navy, a mercenary army, and, through tribute, tariffs, and trade, enough wealth to do as she pleased. [117] Carthage assembled a fleet which attempted to relieve them, but it was destroyed at the battle of the Aegates Islands in 241BC,[122][123] forcing the cut-off Carthaginian troops on Sicily to negotiate for peace. Whenever Carthage petitioned Rome for redress, or permission to take military action, Rome backed its ally, Masinissa, and refused. The farmers were known as the backbone of Rome at the time. . What is a piece of land surrounded by water on three sides? In this fight, Romulus killed Remus. Seeing the crying babies, she took pity on them. For 23 years, in the longest continuous conflict and greatest naval war of antiquity, the two powers struggled for supremacy.The war was fought primarily on the Mediterranean island of Sicily and its surrounding waters . For over a century, the Romans and the Carthaginians had fought for control of the Mediterranean. In most circumstances Carthage recruited foreigners to make up its army. [271][272] Scipio launched a major assault which quickly captured the city's main square, where the legions camped overnight. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Punic Wars: There was three wars called the Punic Wars were Rome Fought with the Carthage. The treaties of friendship between Rome and Carthage were based mainly on trade. - The Roman general Scipio Africanus defeated the Carthaginians in the Second Punic War. Students are asked to write a Letter to the Editor that includes causes and effects of all 3 wars, direct effects on the Carthaginians, and time order. Why did the Roman Republic have two consuls? [185][186] The Roman Senate authorised the raising of a force of 86,000 men, the largest in Roman history to that point. Fighting took place not only in Italy but Spain, Africa and at sea. Rome's army gained new soldiers from conquered territories. The First Punic War broke out on the Mediterranean island of Sicily in 264BC as a result of Rome's expansionary attitude combined with Carthage's proprietary approach to the island. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. The Carthaginians hastily collected a relief force, but in a battle fought off the Aegates Insulae (Egadi Islands), west of Drepana, their fleet was caught at a disadvantage and mostly sunk or captured (March 10, 241). Neither Carthage nor Rome successfully won the battle over . General Sulla was declared leader after a long civil war. The Carthaginian council upheld Hannibals action and drew upon itself a declaration of war. [166], The Carthaginians captured the chief city of the hostile Taurini (in the area of modern Turin) and seized its food stocks. . In 149 B.C., after Carthage technically broke its treaty with Rome by declaring war against the neighboring state of Numidia, the Romans sent an army to North Africa, beginning the Third Punic War. Hannibals losses in the Second Punic War effectively put an end to Carthages empire in the western Mediterranean, leaving Rome in control of Spain and allowing Carthage to retain only its territory in North Africa. Rome gained a dominant position in the Mediterranean after defeating Carthage in these wars, and only Greece remained as a power in addition to Rome until Diocletian split the Roman Empire into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire in 286 C.E. What I learned: The Second Punic War is arguably the most famous of the three. Carthage was also forced to give up its fleet and pay a large indemnity in silver to Rome. exhaustive study of the effects of the Punic wars, investigating all the remote and proximate conditions and traci the development of the various changes into imperial times, would fill volumes. The First Genocide: Carthage, 146 BC. Rome brought in an army to settle the dispute and Carthage took that as an act of war. After tightening the Roman positions around Carthage, Aemilianus launched a forceful attack on its harbor side in the spring of 146 B.C., pushing into the city and destroying house after house while pushing enemy troops towards their citadel. The first concerned control of Sicily and of the sea lanes in the western Mediterranean; it ended with Rome victorious but with great loss of ships and men on both sides. What resulted from the First Punic War? 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